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  • 1
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A novel synthetic foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) peptide vaccine consisting of a synthetic B-cell and macrophage activator covalently linked to an amphiphilic α-helical T-cell epitope was developed. The low molecular weight vaccine of 3400 daltons is composed of virus VP1 antigenic determinant and the immunologically active lipotripeptide tripalmitoyl-S-glyceryl-cysteinyl-seryl-serine (P3CSS) as built-in adjuvant. The vaccine, tripalmitoyl-S-glyceryl-cysteinyl-seryl-seryl-FMDV-VP1 (VP1 = serotype O1K 135-154) induces protection against homologous challenge and serotype-specific virus neutralizing antibodies in guinea pigs after single administration without further adjuvants or carriers. A P3CSS conjugate with the FMDV-VP1 segment 135-154 of strain O Wuppertal produced only poor cross-protection against challenge with O1K virus.The antigenic determinant VP1(135-154) is an amphiphilic α-helix, as shown by CD. Molecular dynamics simulations (MDS) carried out using the highly homologous α-helical alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) segment H3 as starting conformation for VP1(138-149) suggest that the FMDV segment 138-149 may adopt α-helical conformation during binding to its T-cell receptor, and that the development of the system during MDS may be considered as the dissociation step of the complex.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 248 (1997), S. 139-151 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Ein neuartiges organisch-anorganisches Hybridmaterial wurde durch den Einbau des Minerals Böhmit mittels eines Sol-Gel-Prozesses in ein Kevlar-Nomex-Copolymeres hergestellt. Durch Reaktion eines Gemisches aus m- und p-Phenylendiamin mit Terephthaloylchlorid und anschließender Umsetzung mit Aminophenyltrimethoxysilan wurden Poly(phenylenterephthalamid)-Ketten mit Aminophenyltri-methoxysilan-Endgruppen synthetisiert. In dieser Polymermatrix wurde die Hydrolyse der Alkoxygruppen einer Lösung von Aluminium-sec-butanolat in Butanol durchgeführt. Dadurch wurde ein chemisch an die Aramid-Ketten gebundenes anorganisches Netzwerk aufgebaut. Aus den hergestellten Hybridmaterialien mit unterschiedlichen Böhmit-Gehalten in der Aramidmatrix wurden Filme gegossen. Die Filme aus Hybridmaterial mit bis zu 15 Gew.-% Böhmit waren transparent gelb, während bei 20 und mehr Gew.-% Böhmit opake Filme erhalten wurden. Die mechanischen Eigenschaften dieser Filme wurden untersucht. Zugfestigkeit, Zugmodul, Härte und maximale Bruchdehnung nahmen mit steigendem Böhmitgehalt zunächst zu, vemngerten sich jedoch bei weiterer Erhöhung des Mineralanteils wieder. Der Zugmodul des Hybridmaterials bei 25°C lag zwischen 3,0 und 4,5 GPa. Die Materialien hielten einer maximalen Zugspannung von 252 MPa stand und zeigten Zersetzungstemperaturen von etwa 450°C. Die rnit DMTA ermittelten Werte für den Speichemodul lagen im Bereich 7,6-18,9 GPa. Das tan δ-Signal verbreiterte sich mit zunehmendem Böhmitanteil und ging bei hohen Böhmitgehalten in eine Schulter über. Die Signalpositionen des Verlustfaktors wurden infolge der zunehmenden sterischen Einschränkung der Segmentbewegungen rnit steigendem anorganischen Anteil zu höheren Temperaturen verschoben.
    Notes: A new organic-inorganic hybrid material was prepared by incorporating boehmite into a Kevlar-Nomex copolymer via a sol-gel process. Poly(phenylene-terephthalamide) chains having aminophenyltrimethoxysilane end groups were prepared by reacting a mixture of m-and p-phenylenediamine with terephthaloyl chloride, followed by end-capping with aminophenyltrimethoxysilane. The hydrolysis of the alkoxy groups of an aluminium sec-butoxide solution in butanol was carried out in the polymer matrix, thus creating an inorganic network structure combined chemically with the aramid chains. Hybrid materials containing different proportions of boehmite in aramid were thus produced and films were cast by solvent evaporation technique. These films with up to 15 wt.-% of boehmite were yellow and transparent, whereas the films with 20 wt.-% or more contents of boehmite were opaque. Mechanical properties of these films were analyzed. The values of tensile strength, initial modulus, toughness and maximum strain at rupture were initially found to increase and then decrease with further addition of boehmite. The tensile modulus of the hybrid material was found to be in the range of 3.0-4.5 GPa at 25°C. These ceramers were found to withstand maximum tensile stress of the order of 252 MPa, and the thermal decomposition temperature was around 450°C. The storage modulus as measured using DMTA was in the range of 7.6-18.9 GPa. The tan δ peak which in general became broader with increasing boehmite content showed a shoulder for composites containing large amounts of boehmite. The position of the peaks shifted towards high temperature with the increase in the inorganic contents showing hindrance in motion with increasing boehmite contents.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Bis(phosphido)-bridged diiron hexa(penta)carbonyl complexes, molecular structures ; Steric strain ; Iron-iron double bond ; Calculations, EHT ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: An Unusual Pair of Bis(phosphido)-Bridged Diiron Carbonyl Complexes: [Fe2(CO)n{μ-P(tBu)2}(μ-PCy2)] (n = 5 and 6)Treatment of Na[Fe2(CO)6(μ-CO){μ-P(tBu)2}] with Cy2PCl gives [Fe2(CO)6{μ-P(tBu)2}(μ-PCy2)] (1) which loses CO on heating in toluene to afford [Fe2(CO)5{μ-P(tBu)2}(μ-PCy2)] (2). Complexes 1 and 2 have been characterized spectroscopically and by X-ray analyses. The central Fe2P2 unit in 1 is exactly planar whereas in 2 it is somewhat folded.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: M2P2 tetrahedral complexes ; Phosphido ligand complexes as intermediates ; Ni2P4O distorted prismane framework ; CO incorporation ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Complexes with Metal-Phosphorus Triple Bonds as Possible Intermediates in the Reactions between Chlorophosphinidenes and Metalates of Various Transition MetalsThe reaction of [{M′(CO)5}2PCl] (M′ = Cr, W) with various metalates ([Cp′Mo(CO)3]-, [Cp * Ni(CO)]-, [Cr2(CO)10]2-) yields the M2P2 tetrahedral complexes [(MLn)2(μ,η2- P2){M′(CO)5}2] (MLn = Cp*Ni, M′= Cr (1), W (2); MLn = Cp′Mo(CO)2, M′ = Cr (4); Cp* = η5-C5Me5, Cp* = η5C5H3tBu2) and the cyclo-P4 compound [{Cr(CO)4}(η4-P4){Cr(CO)5}4] 6. As side products the distorted prismane [(Cp*Ni)2{μ4,η4-(P2-O-P2)}{W(CO)5}2] 3 and the diphosphino-methanone complex [{Cp′Mo(CO)2}2{μ4η2-PC(O)P}-{Cr(CO)5}2] 5 are formed. The complexes are characterised by NMR, IR, MS, and X-ray structure analysis (1-5). Studying the reaction pathway provided evidence of phosphido intermediates of the type [LnM≡P→M′Ln].
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: P ligands ; P-P bond formation reaction ; Molybdenum ; Chromium ; Nickel ; Carbonyl complexes ; Main group elements ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: [Cr(CO)5PCl3] reacts with different metallates K[CpxMo(CO)3] [Cpx = ·5-C5H4tBu (Cp]), ·5-C5H3tBu2-1,3 (Cp))], K[CpFe(CO)2], K[Cp]Cr(CO)3], K[C}*Ni(CO)] and Na2[Cr2(CO)10] at -78°C in THF to yiel various P2, cyclo- P3 and cyclo-P5 ligand complexes of the formulae [Cp] Mo(CO)2 (.2-P3)] (1a), [Cp]Mo(CO)2(.3-P3)] (1b), [{CP'Mo-(CO)2}2(μ,.2-P2)] (2a), [{Cp]Mo(CO)2}2(μ, ·2-P2)] (2b), [Cp]Fe).5-P5)] (3), [(Cp'Cr)2(μ,.5-P5)] (4), [{Cp]Cr(CO)2}2-(μ,.2-P2)] (5), [(Cp*Ni)2(μ,.2-P2){Cr(CO)5}2] (6). [{(CO)5Cr}Cl2PPCl2{Cr(CO)5}] (7) and [{Cr(CO)5}2PCl (8). Comprehensive studies of the reaction pathway leading to formation of the cyclo-P3 product 1a give strong indications that a sequence involving metal-halogen exchange and stepwise P-P bond formation takes place, proceeding via [{CO}5Cr}Cl2PPCl2{Cr(CO)5}] (7) and the cyclo-P3 precursor compond [{Cp]Mo(CO)3}{Cp'Mo(CO)2}2{Cr(CO)5}(μ,.3:1:1-P3)] (9). The latter two complexes have been isolated and structurally characterized.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 108 (1975), S. 291-300 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Directed Synthesis of Sulfinato-O and -S Complex of Transition Metals, XI. Linkage Isomerism in Sulfinato Complexes of Zinc(II)Starting from the sulfinato-O, O′ complexes (RSO2)2Zn(OH2)2(1a, b) the mono-, bis-, and tris(2, 2′-bipyridyl) complexes 2a, b, 3a, b, and 4a, b are produced according to equation (1) by stepwise addition of 2, 2′-bipyridyl. In the case of the bis(2, 2′-bipyridyl) complexes 3a, b the linkage-isomeric sulfinato-O and -S complexes 3aO, 3bO, and 3aS, 3bS are obtained. From 4a, b 1 mole of 2, 2′-bipyridyl can be eliminated reversibly with acetone according to equation (7) with formation of 3aO and 3aO. The newly prepared compounds were characterized on the basis of their i. r. spectra. In the case of 4a, b DTA, TG, and DTG measurements were carried out.
    Notes: Gemäß Gl. (1) gelingt, ausgehend von den Sulfinato-O, O′-Komplexen (RSO2)2zn(OH2)2 (1a, b), die schrittweise Addition von 2,2′-Bipyridyl, wobei die Mono-, Bis-und Tris(2,2′-bipyridyl)-Komplexe 2a, b, 3a, b und 4a, b entstehen. Im Falle der Bis(2,2′-bipyridyl)-Komplexe 3a, b wurden die bindungsisomeren Sulfinato-O-und-S-Komplexe 3aO, 3bO und 3aS, 3bs erhalten. Aus 4a, b läβt sich mit Aceton reversibel ein mol 2, 2′-Bipyridyl gemäß Gl. (7) unter Bildung von 3aO und 3bO abspalten /die neu dargestellten Verbindungen werden IR-spektroskopisch charakterisiert. Im Falle von 4a, b sind DTA-, TG- und DTG-Messungen durchgeführt worden.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie in unserer Zeit 26 (1992), S. 304-313 
    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Alle Ausgleiche „brauchen Zeit, und alle verlaufen um so langsamer, je weiter der Ausgleich bereits fortgeschritten ist. Hierdurch kommt es, daß die Welt mit Gebilden erfüllt ist, die vom Standpunkt der Gleichgewichtslehre sozusagen keine Existenzberechtigung haben, und daher ihre Existenz nur auf Zeit geniessen“.…„Wir werden bald sehen, daß die stationären Erscheinungen in bestimmtem Sinne die Formen des Lebens sind, und daß alle Organismen sich als Gebilde auffassen lassen, deren verhältnismässige Beständigkeit auf der Ausbildung stationärer, durch Selbstregulierung entstehender Zustände beruht“.Diese Zitate entstammen keinem modernen Lehrbuch der Thermodynamik irreversibler Prozesse und der Selbstorganisation, sondern sie sind 90 Jahre alt und wurden von Wilhelm Ostwald in seinen „Vorlesungen über Naturphilosophie“ formuliert. Die auffallend große zeitliche Lücke zwischen den Ideen und Ansätzen Wilhelm Ostwalds und den heute anerkannten Paradigmen mag an Ostwalds Emeritierung und dem Ausbruch des ersten Weltkrieges gelegen haben, aber auch an innerwissenschaftlichen Gründen, wie etwa dem Mangel an mathematischen Methoden zur Beschreibung komplexer und nichtlinearer Systeme, die erst Jahrzehnte nach der Jahrhundertwende entwickelt wurden. Sich mit Ostwalds Arbeiten auf diesem Gebiet zu beschäftigen, ist heute sicher nicht allein von historischem Interesse, sondern vermag darüber hinaus Denkanstöße zu geben und das Verständnis aktueller Fragen für die dort Tätigen zu vertiefen.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 190 (1930), S. 270-276 
    ISSN: 0863-1786
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Neben den1 Chlor-1-fluorid besteht auch ein Chlor-3-fluorid, welches durch Erhitzen von CI2 oder CIF mit überschüssigem F2 dar- gestellt wird. Die umkehrbare Reaktion CIF + F2 ⇆ CIF3 führt zu einem Gleichgewicht, in dem bei 250° Zahl der CIF-Moleküle ein Mehrfaches der CIF3-Moleküle ist. Die Zusammensetzung des neuen Fluorids is durch Analysen und Dichtebestimmungen sichergestellt. Seine physikalischen und chemischen Eigenschaften werden mit - geteilt.Besonders bemerkenswert ist die Lebhaftigkeit und die Mannigfaltigkeit der Reaktionen des CIF3.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 626-631 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Zymomonas mobilis immobilized on microporous ion exchange resins has previously been shown to allow the attainment of high ethanol productivities in packed-bed bioreactors. The formation of bacterial filaments after several days of continuous operation, however, had resulted in excessive pressure increases across the reactor bed. The present work examines techniques for controlling filament formation by Z. mobilis in two reactor sizes (161 mL and 7.85 L) and a feed glucose concentration of 100 g/L. By controlling the fermentation temperature at 20-25°C it has been possible to eliminate filament formation by Z. mobilis and to operate the larger bioreactor for 232 h with an ethanol productivity of 50 g/L h (based on total reactor volume). The rate of ethanol production has been shown to be very sensitive to temperature in the range 20-30°C, and it is likely that slightly higher temperatures than those used in this study will improve ethanol productivity while still permitting long-term operation.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 26 (1995), S. 22-26 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Die Orientierung der Säulen in der Mikrostruktur schräg aufgedampfter dünner SchichtenSchräg aufgedampfte dünne Schichten entwickeln gewöhnlich eine Mikrostruktur aus Sälen, deren Wachstumswinkel relativ zur Substratnormalen, β, nicht mit dem Einfallswinkel α übereinstimmt. Hier wird gezeigt, daß der funktionale Zusammenhang β(α) durch die Gleichung tan β=tan α + ρ-1(dρ/δα) in universeller Weise mit der Winkelabhängigkeit der Schichtdichte ρ verknüpft ist. Ein Vergleich mit numerischen Daten aus Simulationen der ballistischen Abscheidung von Scheiben und Kugeln bestätigt die Theorie.
    Notes: Vapor-deposited thin films grown under conditions of oblique incidence commonly develop a microstructure of columns, inclined at an angle β relative to the substrate normal, which differs from the angle of incidence α. Here it is shown that the functional relation β(α) is universally linked to the dependence of the film density ρ on the angle of incidence, through the equation tan β=tan α + ρ-1(dρ/dα). The theory is supported by an analysis of published numerical data obtained from simulations of ballistic deposition of disks and spheres.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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