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  • Digitale Medien  (8)
  • equation of state  (4)
  • 25.70.Cd  (2)
  • Bone  (2)
  • 1
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 10 (1989), S. 1103-1126 
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Schlagwort(e): correlation equation ; equation of state ; least-squares principle ; optimization method ; search method
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Abstract An optimization strategy is presented for optimizing the structure of empirical thermodynamic correlation equations. Based on a comprehensive functional expression for the physical dependence considered, which is called a “bank of terms,” the new procedure optimizes the structure and the length of the equation as well. The application of this method results in an equation which meets the quality wanted for representing the experimental data with the lowest number of fitted coefficients. The procedure can be used for the determination of the structure of any equation where the method of the linear least squares is applicable. A detailed description of the algorithm is given which includes values for the control parameters for different applications in the field of thermodynamics (vapor pressure equations, equations of state, etc.) and also for applications in other fields. The optimization steps are described using an equation which represents a relationship between variables in a general form. It is demonstrated how even the complex problem of the optimization of a fundamental equation for the Heimholtz energy can be written in terms of this general equation.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 2
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 17 (1996), S. 391-404 
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Schlagwort(e): coexistence curve ; equation of state ; Lennard Jones fluid ; thermodynamic properties
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Abstract A new equation of state (EOS) is proposed for the Helmholtz energyF of the Lennard Jones fluid which represents the thermodynamic properties over a wide range of temperatures and densities. The EOS is written in the form of a generalized van der Waals equation.F =F u +F v. WhereF u is a hard body contribution andF A an anttractive dispersion force contribution. The expression forF H is closely related to the hybrid Barker Henderson pertubation theory. The construction ofF A is accomplished with the Setzmann Wagner optimization procedure on the basis of virial coefficients and critically assessed computer simulation data. A comparison with the EOS of Johnson et al. shows improvement in the description of the vapor liquid coexistence properties, thepvT data. and in peculiar, of the calorie properties. A comparison with the EOS of Kolafa and Nezbeda which appeared after the bulk of this work was finished shows still by about 30%.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 3
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Mund-, Kiefer- und Gesichtschirurgie 2 (1998), S. 141-145 
    ISSN: 1434-3940
    Schlagwort(e): Schlüsselwörter Konfokale Laser-Scanning-Mikroskopie ; Knochen ; Histotomographie ; Key words Confocal laser scanning microscopy ; Bone ; Histotomography
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Objectives: Fixation (formalin), decalcification (sections) or mechanical treatment (grinding) all bear the risk of artifacts occurring during hard-tissue histology. Because studies on the etiology of pathological changes mostly focus on subclinical lesions, artifacts can simulate early changes or even be superimposed on existing changes. The objective of this study was to determine how artifacts can be reduced. Material and methods: In confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) a focused laser beam scans the surface of the specimens and penetrates into the tissue. The intensity of the remitted light is recorded. The confocal effect is due to an extremely small aperture (pinhole), excluding light from out-of-focus planes of the sample. By stepwise movement of the object table, a tomographic series of tomographic images is obtained. Sound cortical bone samples of the lower jaw (n = 20) were studied by light microscopy and by CLSM, visualizing identical areas of a ground sectioned sample after H & E staining. Additionally, embedded and fresh blocks of tissue of the same bone sample were studied histotomographically in the CLSM. Results: (1) Light microscopic micromorphology of cortical bone can be visualized adequately in the CLSM; (2) many structures that can be visualized by light microscopy only after special staining (e.g., osteozyte processes) can be visualized by the CLSM using sample blocks without pretreatment. Conclusion: (1) Nondestructive subsurface histotomography by CLSM totally excludes mechanical artifacts; (2) physicochemical artifacts can be handled more easily because fresh samples can be studied; (3) pseudo-three-dimensional imaging allows histological interpretation of the tissue that is equivalent to macroscopic tomographic techniques (CT, MRT).
    Notizen: Durch Fixierung (Formalin), Entkalkung (Schnitte) oder mechanische Bearbeitung (Schliffe) besteht bei der Hartgewebshistologie das Risiko physikalisch-chemischer oder mechanischer Artefakte. Da Studien zur Ätiopathogenese pathologischer Veränderungen meist auf subklinische Läsionen zielen, besteht die Gefahr, daß Artefakte frühe Veränderungen vortäuschen oder vorhandene überdecken. Es wird der Frage einer artefaktminimierten Histologie nachgegangen. Bei der konfokalen Laser-Scanning-Mikroskopie (CLSM) rastert ein monochromatischer Laserstrahl über die Probenoberfläche und dringt in das Gewebe ein. Die Intensität der remittierten Strahlung wird in einem Detektor gemessen. Durch eine konfokale Blende (pinhole) erreicht nur Laserlicht aus einer extrem dünnen In-Fokus-Ebene den Detektor, so daß schrittweises Bewegen des Objekttischs eine tomographische Serie von Einzelbildern visualisiert. Gesunde kortikale Knochenproben des Unterkiefers (n = 20) wurden durchlichtmikroskopisch und im CLSM untersucht: Dabei wurden identische Probenareale an Dünnschliffen nach HE-Färbung visualisiert. Außerdem wurden eingebettete und frische Gewebeblöcke derselben Knochenproben im CLSM histotomographiert. Als Ergebnisse wurden gefunden: 1. Lichtmikroskopische Mikromorphologie kortikalen Knochens ist im CLSM valide visualisierbar. 2. Viele lichtmikroskopisch erst nach Spezialfärbungen darstellbare Strukturen (z.B. Osteozytenfortsätze) können im CLSM an Probenblöcken ohne Vorbereitung mikroskopiert werden. Hieraus können folgende Schlußfolgerungen gezogen werden: 1. Die zerstörungsfreie Histotomographie des CLSM unter der Probenoberfläche vermeidet mechanische Artefakte völlig. 2. Physikalisch-chemische Artefakte werden kontrollierbar, da auch frische Proben mikroskopiert werden können. 3. Die pseudo-dreidimensionale Darstellung erlaubt eine histologische Gewebeinterpretation, die makroskopischen Schichtbildverfahren (CT, MRT) vergleichbar ist.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 4
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Mund-, Kiefer- und Gesichtschirurgie 3 (1999), S. 140-145 
    ISSN: 1434-3940
    Schlagwort(e): Schlüsselwörter Konfokale Laser-Scanning-Mikroskopie ; Dunkelfeldmikroskopie ; Bisbenzimidmarkierung ; Knochen ; Strahlenfolgen ; Radiogener Osteozytentod ; Key words Confocal laser scanning microscopy ; Microscopy ; Bisbenzimide labelling ; Bone ; Radiation effects ; Osteocytes ; Osteoradionecrosis
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Early radiation effects on human bone may lead to osteoradionecrosis (ORN). Direct bone cellular lesions [28] as well as fibrous degeneration of blood vessels [21] are considered to be pathologically relevant. Only few data on initial subclinical radiation effects are available. Patients were grouped according to the dose of radiation and clinical findings. Group 1: sound human bone of lower jaw, mostly collected during orthodontic surgery (n = 10 patients); group 2: specimens of lower jaw from patients with ORN (n = 12 patients); group 3: specimens of lower jaw from patients with head and neck cancer who were preoperatively treated with 36 Gy radiation; group 4: specimens of lower jaw from patients with head and neck cancer (n = 9) who were treated with 60–70 Gy radiation. Specimens were studied by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), by conventional light microscopy (DL) and by flourescence darkfield microscopy (DFM) after bisbenzimide staining (H 33258) of the viable cellular nuclei. For the correlating study of identical areas in CLSM and DL the specimens were prepared according to the sawing and grinding technique [8]. All the radiated bony specimens, regardless of the dose of radiation, showed areas of extensive or total loss of vitality of the osteocytes. This finding was also evident after 36 Gy and a short interval between radiation and sample collection (group 3). Additionally, in CLSM micromorphologic lesions of the lamellate structure were seen. With these results we can confirm the loss of vitality of the osteocytes as an initial radiation effect as described earlier [10, 23, 28]. In addition to these findings, alteration of the lamellate microstructure was found in the early phase after radiation. The functional and mechanical significance of these findings should be the subject of further studies.
    Notizen: Für die infizierte Osteoradionekrose (IORN) des Kiefers werden unterschiedliche pathogenetische Mechanismen initialer Strahlenfolgen im Knochen diskutiert: Wichtige Parameter sind dabei die direkte Zellschädigung der Osteozyten [28] und die Gefäßfibrosierung [21]. Bislang liegen wenige Kenntnisse zum Ausmaß der initialen, subklinischen Veränderungen vor. 4 Probengruppen wurden anhand verschiedener Patientenkollektive definiert: Gruppe 1: gesunde Unterkieferproben meist von orthodontischen Operationen (n = 10 Patienten); Gruppe 2: Unterkieferproben mit manifester IORN (n = 12 Patienten); Grruppe 3: Unterkieferproben nach 36 Gy präoperativer Radio(chemo)therapie (n = 9 Patienten); Gruppe 4: Unterkieferproben nach 60–70 Gy Bestrahlung ohne Hinweise auf IORN (n = 9 Patienten). Alle Proben wurden histotomographisch mit konfokaler Laser-Scanning-Mikroskopie (CLSM), durchlichtmikroskopisch (DL) und dunkelfeldmikroskopisch (DFM) nach Fluoreszenzmarkierung des intakten Zellkerns (Bisbenzimid H 33258) untersucht. Korrelierende Histologien identischer Probenareale erfolgten an Trenndünnschliffen [8]. Als Ergebnisse wurden gefunden: 1. Alle unterschiedlich bestrahlte Knochenproben zeigten Areale mit weitgehendem bis vollständigem Verlust vitaler Osteozyten. Diese Strahlenfolge trat auch schon nach 36 Gy und kurzem Intervall bis zur Operation (Gruppe 3) auf. 2. Im CLSM zeigten sich zusätzlich mikromorphologische Veränderungen der lamellären Struktur, die zwischen den Probengruppen progredient waren. Hieraus können folgende Schlußfolgerungen gezogen werden: 1. Der vorbeschriebene Vitalitätsverlust der Osteozyten [10, 23, 28] konnte als sehr frühe, initiale, radiogene Läsion bestätigt werden. 2. Zusätzlich zeigten sich Veränderungen der lamellären Mikroarchitektur des Knochens als frühe und im Gruppenvergleich progrediente Strahlenläsion. Die mikromechanisch funktionelle Bedeutung dieser Veränderung muß in weiterführenden Untersuchungen eruiert werden.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1434-601X
    Schlagwort(e): 25.45.Gh ; 25.70.Cd
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Abstract The one-neutron transfer reactions d(132,136 Xe, p)133,137 Xe have been investigated in inverse kinematics with xenon beams incident on deuterium loaded titanium targets. The angular distributions of the protons, measured with a detector array of 100 PIN-photodiodes, have been analyzed using standard DWBA. Generally, good agreement is obtained with results previously obtained in reactions induced by light-ion beams.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 6
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 14 (1993), S. 699-725 
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Schlagwort(e): argon ; caloric properties ; density ; equation of state ; Helmholtz function ; methane ; nitrogen
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Abstract In order to describe the thermodynamic behavior of methane, argon, and nitrogen in the so-called “natural-gas region,” namely, from 270 to 350 K at pressures up to 30 MPa as accurate as possible with equations of a very simple form, new equations of state for these three substances have been developed. These equations are in the form of a fundamental equation in the dimensionless Helmholtz energy; for calculating the pressure or the density, the corresponding equations explicit in pressure are also given. The residual parts of the Helmholtz function representing the behavior of the real gas contain 12 fitted coefficients for methane, 8 for argon, and 7 for nitrogen. The thermodynamic relations between the Helmholtz energy and the most important thermodynamic properties and the needed derivatives of the equations are explicitly given; to assist the user there is also a table with values for computer-program verification. The uncertainties when calculating the density ρ, the speed of sound w, the isobaric specific heat capacity c p, and the isochoric specific heat capacity c v are estimated as follows. For all three substances it is Δρ/ρ≤±0.02 % for p≤ 12 MPa and Δρ/ρ ≤ ±0.05% for higher pressures. For methane it is Δw/w≤±0.02% for p≤10 MPa and Δw/w≤+-0.1% for higher pressures; for argon it is Δw/w≲-0.1 % for p≤ 7 MPa, Δw/w≤±0.3 % for 7 〈p≤30 MPa; and for nitrogen it is Δw/w≤±0.1% for p≤1.5 MPa and Δw/w±0.5% for higher pressures. For all three substances it is Δc p/c p≤±1 % and ΔC v/C v≤±1 % in the entire range.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 7
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 19 (1998), S. 1121-1132 
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Schlagwort(e): caloric properties ; density ; equation of state ; nitrogen ; thermodynamic properties
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Abstract A new formulation describing the thermodynamic properties of nitrogen has been developed. New data sets which have been used to improve the representation of the p–ρ–T surface of gaseous, liquid and supercritical nitrogen, including the saturated states are now available. New measurements on the speed of sound from spherical resonators have been used to improve the accuracy of caloric properties in gaseous and supercritical nitrogen. State-of-the-art algorithms for the optimization of the mathematical structure of the equation and special functional forms for an improved description of the critical region were used to represent even the most accurate data within their experimental uncertainty. The uncertainty in density of the new reference equation of state ranges from ±0.01% between 270 and 350 K at pressures less than 12MPa, within ±0.02% over all other temperatures less than 550 K and pressures less than 12 MPa, and up to a maximum of ±0.6% at the highest pressures. The equation is valid from the triple point to temperatures of 1000 K and pressures up to 2200 MPa. The new formulation yields a reasonable extrapolation up to the limits of chemical stability of nitrogen as indicated by comparison to experimental shock tube data. Constraints regarding the structure of the equation ensure reasonable extrapolated properties up to temperatures and pressures of 5000 K and 25 GPa. For typical calibration applications, the new reference equation is supplemented by a simple but also highly accurate formulation, valid only for supercritical nitrogen between 270 and 350 K at pressures up to 30 MPa.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 8
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    The European physical journal 328 (1987), S. 129-145 
    ISSN: 1434-601X
    Schlagwort(e): 14.60.Cd ; 25.70.Cd ; 25.70.Ef
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Abstract Positron lines were observed in heavy ion-atom collisions at bombarding energies close to the Coulomb barrier in subcritical systems with the sum of the atomic numbers of the colliding nucleiZ u =Z 1+Z 2 being smaller thanZ u =172. Each collision system, studied,208Pb +208Pb(Zu=164),238U+181Ta(Zu=165), and238Au(Zu=171), exhibits the emission of two positron lines withZ u -independent c.m. energies of ∼ 258 keV and ∼ 340 keV, and with widths of about 30 keV, superimposed on continuous positron spectra from nuclear pair decay and pair emission induced by the time changing Coulomb field of the collision. The production cross section of thee +-lines rises with a high power ofZ u (ocZ u 22), which is comparable to theZ u 20-dependence for the collision induced positrons.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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