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  • Electronic Resource  (9)
  • Frog kidney  (5)
  • Distal tubule  (2)
  • Polymer and Materials Science  (2)
  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Distal tubule ; Sodium chloride transport ; Cellular sodium activity ; Furosemide ; Amphiuma kidney
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Previous experiments had demonstrated that cell chloride activities in early distal tubule cells of Amphiuma are above equilibrium distribution. Chloride activities fell sharply towards electrochemical equilibrium following perfusion of the tubular lumen with furosemide or with sodium-free solutions. These results suggested a furosemide-sensitive sodium chloride cotransport system in the luminal cell membrane. The present experiments were carried out to evaluate directly the electrochemical driving forces acting on sodium ions under similar experimental conditions. Intracellular sodium activity measurements were performed in the doublyperfused kidney of Amphiuma by means of single-barreled liquid ion-exchange microelectrodes. Basolateral cell membrane potential and resistance ratio measurements of tubular cell membranes were also carried out under control conditions and after inhibition of chloride transport by luminal application of furosemide (5 · 10−5 mol/l) or by omission of chloride. Control conditions were characterized by a steep downhill electrochemical gradient for sodium ions from lumen to cell. Inhibition of chloride transport led to a sharp decrease of intracellular sodium activity and to hyperpolarization of the peritubular membrane potential while the resistance ratio of the tubular cell membranes did not change significantly. These results demonstrate the presence of low cellular sodium activities in early distal tubule cells. The sharp decline of cell sodium after furosemide and after luminal chloride removal is consistent with inhibition of a sodium chloride cotransport system and continued peritubular sodium extrusion. The latter can increase the electrochemical gradient of sodium ions beyond that observed under control conditions.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 60 (1982), S. 1173-1179 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Distal tubule ; Furosemide ; Ion-sensitive microelectrodes ; Sodium chloride cotransport ; Potassium adaptation ; Distaler Tubulus ; Furosemid ; Ionen-sensitive Microelektroden ; Natrium Chlorid Kotransport ; Kaliumadaptation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Experimente am distalen Tubulus der doppelt perfundierten Niere des Amphiuma wurden ausgeführt, um die aktiven und passiven Kräfte zu bestimmen, die in die Transportprozesse von Kalium, Natrium und Chlorid involviert sind. Ionen-sensitive und konventionelle Mikroelektroden wurden verwendet, um intrazelluläre Ionenaktivitäten, Zellmembranpotentiale und Kalium- und Chlorid Nettoflüsse unter Kontrollbedingungen und während Hemmung des aktiven Transports abzuschätzen. Auf der Basis folgender Beobachtungen wird ein Natrium-Chlorid Kotransport postuliert, der in der luminalen Zellmembran lokalisiert ist: Entfernung von Natrium aus dem Tubuluslumen hemmt die Furosemid empfindliche Chloridresorption, verringert die luminal positive transepitheliale Potentialdifferenz und führt zu dramatischem Abfall des intrazellulären Chlorids. Die Experimente schlagen ferner vor, daß Kaliumionen im Natrium-Chlorid Transportsystem involviert sind, weil die Kaliumresorption durch Furosemid gehemmt wird, und weil intrazelluläres Natrium signifikant abfällt, wenn die Kaliumionen aus der Tubulusflüssigkeit entfernt werden. Weiters gibt es experimentelle Hinweise, daß nach der Kalium Adaptation der luminale Kalium-Aufnahmemechanismus unterdrückt ist. Unter diesen Bedingungen ist der Kaliumtransport unempfindiich auf Furosemid. Die Daten schlagen ein Furosemid empfindliches Kotransport-System für Natrium, Chlorid und Kalium in der luminalen Zellmembran vor. Die Energie für diesen Carriervermittelten Transportprozeß wird von einem großen „Bergab“-Gradienten von Natrium über die luminale Zellmembran bereitgestellt, der seinerseits durch die in der peritubulären Zellmembran lokalisierte Natriumpumpe aufrechterhalten wird.
    Notes: Summary Experiments were performed in the distal tubule of the doubly-perfused kidney of Amphiuma to determine active and passive forces, involved in the transport processes of potassium, sodium and chloride. Ion-sensitive microelectrodes and conventional microelectrodes were applied to estimate intracellular ion activities, cell membrane potentials and net flux of potassium and chloride under control conditions and during inhibition of active transport. Sodium chloride cotransport, located in the luminal cell membrane is postulated, based on the following observations: Total omission of sodium from the tubular lumen inhibits furosemide sensitive chloride reabsorption, decreases the lumen positive transepithelial potential difference and leads to a dramatic decrease of intracellular chloride. The experiments further suggest that potassium ions are involved in the sodium chloride transport system because potassium reabsorption is inhibited by furosemide and because intracellular sodium falls significantly when potassium ions are removed from the tubular fluid. Furthermore, there is experimental evidence that the luminal potassium uptake mechanism is suppressed after potassium adaptation. Under these conditions potassium transport is found to be insensitive to furosemide. The data suggest a furosemide sensitive contransport system for sodium, chloride and potassium, operative in the luminal cell membrane. The energy for this carrier-mediated transport process is provided by the large “downhill” gradient of sodium across the luminal cell membrane which is maintained by the sodium pump located in the peritubular cell membrane.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Diluting segment ; Cell fusion ; Intracellular pH ; Cell membrane potential ; Frog kidney
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The dependence of intracellular pH (pHi) and transepithelial H+ secretion on the cell membrane potential (V m) was tested applying pH-sensitive and conventional microelectrodes in giant cells fused from single epithelial cells of the diluting segment and in intact tubules of the frog kidney. An increase of extracellular K+ concentration from 3 to 15 mmol/l decreasedV m from −49±4 to −29±1 mV while pHi increased from 7.44±0.04 to 7.61±0.06. Addition of 1 mmol/l Ba2+ depolarizedV m from −45±3 to −32±2 mV, paralleled by an increase of pHi from 7.46±0.04 to 7.58±0.03. Application of 0.05 mmol/l furosemide hyperpolarizedV m from −48±3 to −53±3 mV and decreased pHi from 7.47±0.05 to 7.42±0.05. In the intact diluting segment of the isolated-perfused frog kidney an increase of peritubular K+ concentration from 3 to 15 mmol/l increased the luminal pH from 7.23±0.08 to 7.41±0.08. Addition of Ba2+ to the peritubular perfusate also increased luminal pH from 7.35±0.07 to 7.46±0.07. Addition of furosemide decreased luminal pH from 7.32±0.03 to 7.24±0.05. We conclude: cell depolarization reduces the driving force for the rheogenic HCO 3 − exit step across the basolateral cell membrane. HCO 3 − accumulates in the cytoplasm and pHi increases. An alkaline pHi inactivates the luminal Na+/H+ exchanger. This diminishes transepithelial H+ secretion. Cell hyperpolarization leads to the opposite phenomenon. Thus, pHi serves as signal transducer between cell voltage and Na+/H+ exchange.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: cAMP ; Frog kidney ; Proximal tubule ; Ionsensitive microelectrodes ; Sodium transport
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Experiments were performed in proximal tubule of the isolated perfused frog kidney to evaluate peritubular cell membrane potentials (PDpt), and the intracellular ion activities of sodium (Nai ü), chloride (Cli −) and potassium (Ki ü) under control conditions and following peritubular application of dibutyryl-cyclic AMP (cAMP, 2·10−4mol·l−1). Conventional and ion-sensitive microelectrodes were applied to record continuously cAMP-induced changes of these parameters in individual proximal tubule cells. Within a few minutes a significant hyperpolarisation of PDpt (Δ=2.0±0.2 mV) occurs simultaneously with a decrease of Nai ü (Δ=2.5±0.5 mmol·l−1). Ki ü increases (Δ=3.6±0.9 mmol·l−1) and Cli − decreases (0.4±0.07 mmol·l−1) slightly, but significantly. With both ions the alterations of the chemical gradient is significantly smaller than the potential shift. PDte is not significantly altered by cAMP. The cAMP-induced hyperpolarisation of PDpt can be observed in presenceand absence of luminal glucose. However, omission of Naü from the luminal perfusate abolishes the hyperpolarising effect of cAMP on PDpt. The results suggest that cAMP reduces sodium entry from the lumen into the cell, thus hyperpolarising the cell membrane and decreasing Nai ü. Persistance of sensitivity of PDpt to cAMP after omission of glucose indicates that other Naü coupled transport processes and/or passive Naü conductance are affected by cAMP. the changes of Ki ü and Cli − are secondary, following the change of PDpt.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Ouabain ; Frog kidney ; Proximal tubule ; Ion sensitive microelectrodes ; Na+/K+ pump ; Intracellular K+, Na+, Cl−, pH, Ca2+
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Using conventional and ion selective microelectrodes, the effect of ouabain (10−4 mol/l) on peritubular cell membrane potential (PDpt), on intracellular pH (pHi) as well as on the intracellular ion activities of Cl− (Cl i − ), K+ (K i + ), Na+ (Na i + ) and Ca2+ (Ca i 2+ ) was studied in proximal tubules of the isolated perfused frog kidney. In the absence of ouabain (PDpt=−57.0±1.9 mV), the electrochemical potential difference of chloride (apparent {ie6-1} and of potassium {ie6-2} is directed from cell to bath, of H+ {ie6-3}, of Na+ {ie6-4} and of Ca2+ {ie6-5} from bath to cell. Ouabain leads to a gradual decline of PDpt, which is reduced to half (PDpt, 1/2) within 31±4.6 min (in presence of luminal glucose and phenylalanine), and to a decline of the absolute values of apparent {ie6-6}, of {ie6-7}, {ie6-8} and {ie6-9}. In contrast, an increase of {ei6-10} is observed. At PDpt, 1/2 apparent Cl i − increases by 6.2±1.0 mmol/l, pHi by 0.13±0.03, Ca i 2+ by 185±21 nmol/l, and Na i + by 34.2±4.6 mmol/l, whereas K i + decreases by 37.7±2.2 mmol/l. The results suggest that the application of ouabain is followed by a decrease of peritubular cell membrane permeability to K+, by an accumulation of Ca2+, Na+ and HCO 3 - in the cell and by a dissipation of the electrochemical Cl− gradient.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Frog kidney ; Proximal tubule ; Glucose transport ; Ouabain ; Cell membrane potential ; Intracellular sodium ; Microelectrodes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Inhibition of basolateral Na+/K+ ATPase by ouabain eventually abolishes transport of glucose. The present study was performed to test, if this effect is due to a dissipation of the electrochemical gradient for sodium or due to a regulatory inhibition of sodium-coupled glucose entry across the luminal membrane at increasing intracellular sodium activity. To this end, proximal convoluted tubules of the doubly perfused isolated frog kidney were perfused alternatively with solutions containing either 5 mmol/l glucose or raffinose. The potential difference across the peritubular cell membrane (PDpt) and across the epithelium (PDpt) has been recorded with conventional and across the peritubular cell membrane with ion selective microelectrodes (PDpt). In the absence of luminal glucose PDpt is (±SEM) −54.0±2.4 mV, PDte=−1.2±2.0 mV and PD pt Na =−96±5 mV. The electrochemical gradient for sodium (μNa+) amounts to 95 mV and intracellular sodium activity to 14 mmol/l (extracellular sodium activity is 74 mmol/l). Luminal application of glucose leads to a rapid depolarisation of PDpt (ΔPDpt=8.6±0.9 mV and PD pt Na (ΔPD pt Na =11.1±3.0 mV) and to hyperpolarisation of PDte (ΔPDte=−0.8±0.2 mV). The peritubular application of ouabain leads to a gradual, reversible and proportional decline of PDpt, PD pt Na and μNa+. Glucose induced ΔPDpt and ΔPD pt Na decrease in parallel to PDpt and PD pt Na , resp. In a separate series, the lumped conductance (G m) of the luminal and basolateral cell membrane has been determined, which amounts to 2.4±0.3 μS/mm (tubule length).G m decreases 23±4%, when PDpt is decreased to half. ΔPDpt andG m allow the calculation of an apparent transport rate (T Glu). Following the application of ouabain,T Glu decreases in linear proportion to PDpt and PD pt Na . There is no evidence for a significant regulatory inhibition ofT Glu. Rather, glucose transport operates in linear proportion to the potential difference across the luminal membrane.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 408 (1987), S. 291-299 
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Diluting segment ; Cell fusion ; Na+/HCO 3 − ; Cotransport ; SITS ; Acetazolamide ; Frog kidney
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The mechanism of HCO 3 − transport was studied applying microelectrodes in “giant” cells fused from single epithelial cells of the diluting segment of frog kidney. A sudeen increase of extracellular HCO 3 − concentration from 10 to 20 mmol/l at constant pH hyperpolarized the cell membrane potential of the fused cell. This cell-voltage response was totally abolished by 10−3 mol/l SITS and significantly reduced by 10−4 mol/l acetazolamide or by omission of Na+ from the extracellular perfusate. Removal of Na+ from the perfusate caused a transient depolarization. Reapplication of Na+ induced a transient hyperpolarization. 10−3 mol/l SITS abolished the cell-voltage response to removal and reapplication of Na+. In the intact diluting segment of the isolated perfused frog kidney peritubular perfusion of 10−4 mol/l acetazolamide reduced the limiting transepithelial electrochemical gradient for H+ significantly from 30±4 mV to 14±3 mV. The results suggest: (i) In the diluting segment of the frog kidney a Na+-dependent rheogenic HCO 3 − transport system exists across the peritubular cell membrane. (ii) This rheogenic peritubular Na+/HCO 3 − cotransporter cooperates with a Na+/H+ exchanger in the luminal membrane, thus driving HCO 3 − reabsorption. (iii) Reabsorption of HCO 3 − and secretion of H+ depend upon the presence of carbonic anhydrase.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 47 (1993), S. 1665-1672 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Effects of a series of thiophenols R—ArSH with substituting groups R in the para-position and 2-mercaptobenzoic acid on the kinetics of polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) photoinitiated by benzoin isopropyl ether (BIPE) were investigated using an autorecording dilatometer. Thiophenols were found to have a dual effect on polymerization: reducing induction time and accelerating rate of polymerization. A mechanism was proposed suggesting that this increased rate of polymerization and reduced induction time with addition of a thiophenol is due to the fact that, instead of consuming radicals, the dissolved oxygen in the MMA/BIPE system can be converted into active radicals through effective photooxidation of the thiophenol. Although the maximum increase in rate of polymerization is of a minor difference between various thiophenol compounds, reduction in induction time is strongly dependent on the nature of substituting groups in the following order: —CH3 〉 —CH(CH3)2 〉 —OCH3 or —Cl 〉 —H. 2-Mercaptobenzoic acid, on the other hand, increases induction time and decreases rate of polymerization. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Polymerica 44 (1993), S. 273-278 
    ISSN: 0323-7648
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The microfibrils and the microfibrillar network in poly(p-phenylene terephthalamide) (PPTA) fibers formed during the coagulation from a monodomain lyotropic fiber are stabilized by critical point drying and characterized by electron microscopy and small angle X-ray scattering. The diameter of the microfibrils varies from 20 to 49 nm depending on the PPTA concentration in the lyotropic solution used for the spinning. A formation mechanism for the microfibrils and the microfibrillar network is suggested. During the coagulation, the spinodal decomposition (phase separation) is assumed to occur before the crystallization (phase transition), resulting in the formation of the microfibrils. The formation of the microfibrillar network is considered to be related to the misorientation of macromolecules and the density fluctuation in the cross-section of the filament during spinodal decomposition.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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