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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 63 (1985), S. 944-947 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Alcohol ; Ethanol ; Acetaldehyde ; Alcohol dehydrogenase ; Kidney ; Renal tubule ; Alkohol ; Äthanol ; Acetaldehyd ; Alkoholdehydrogenase ; Niere ; Nierentubulus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die renale Behandlung des Äthanols umfaßt sowohl die glomeruläre Filtration als auch die tubuläre Reabsorption. Wegen seiner hohen Permeabilität nähert sich die Konzentration des Alkohols in der Tubulusflüssigkeit derjenigen der peritubulären Flüssigkeit an, und unter Steady-state-Bedingungen ist die Alkoholkonzentration im Endharn fast genau so hoch wie im Serumwasser. Selbst hohe Alkoholkonzentrationen stören die Nierenzellfunktion nicht nennenswert. Das scheint darauf zu beruhen, daß Nierengewebe praktisch keine Alkoholdehydrogenase enthält. Deswegen sammelt sich Acetaldehyd, das zytotoxische Stoffwechselprodukt des Alkohols, nicht in wirksamer Dosis an. Nach direkter Zufuhr im Rahmen von Mikropunktionsexperimenten übt Alkohol keine nennenswerten Wirkungen aus. Demgegenüber blockiert Acetaldehyd die wesentlichen Parameter der Zellvitalität, gemessen in Form der elektrischen Membranpotentiale und der intrazellulären Ionenaktivitäten.
    Notes: Summary The renal handling of ethanol comprises glomerular filtration and tubular reabsorption. Due to its high permeability alcohol concentration in the tubular fluid approaches that of peritubular fluid and under steady state conditions alcohol concentration in the final urine is almost the same as in serum water. Even in high concentrations alcohol does not significantly interfere with kidney cell function. This seems to be due to the fact that renal tissue is almost free from alcohol dehydrogenase. Thus, acetaldehyde, the cytotoxic intermediate of alcohol metabolism, is not accumulated in effective dosis. If applied directly in micropuncture experiments alcohol is without distinct effects while acetaldehyde inhibits the main parameters of cellular vitality as measured by electrical membrane potentials and intracellular ion activities.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 53 (1975), S. 261-264 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Urat uptake ; erythrocyte ; hyperuricemia ; gout ; Harnsäureaufnahme ; Erythrocyt ; Hyperurikämie ; Gicht
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bei 19 Patienten mit primärer Hyperurikämie, 6 mit sekundärer Hyperurikämie, 17 mit primärer Gicht und 30 Kontrollpersonen wird die Aufnahme von 2-C14 Harnsäure in die Erythrocyten gemessen. Es zeigt sich, daß die Erythrocyten von Gichtpatienten signifikant weniger Harnsäure aufnehmen als die von Kontroilpersonen. Dagegen unterscheiden sich die primären und sekundären Hyperurikämiepatienten nicht signifikant von den Kontrollen. Der Unterschied in der Aufnahme von Harnsäure bei Erythrocyten von Gichtpatienten und Kontrollen betrifft hauptsächlich den Anfangsteil der Aufnahmekinetik. Es wird die mögliche pathophysiologische Bedeutung der verminderten Harnsäureaufnahme für das Entstehen der Harnsäurepräcipitationen bei Gicht diskutiert und auf die Möglichkeit hingewiesen, den Harnsäure-Tracer-Aufnahmetest als diagnostisches Hilfsmittel für die Früherkennung der Gicht anzuwenden.
    Notes: Summary The uptake of 2-C14 urate by erythrocytes was measured in 19 patients with primary hyperuricemia, 6 patients with secondary hyperuricemia, 17 patients with primary gout and 30 controls. The uptake of urate in patients with primary gout was significantly lower than in the controls. In contrast no such difference could be observed in patients with primary and secondary hyperuricemia. The uptake of labeled urate by erythrocytes from gouty patients is especially diminished in the early phase of the uptake kinetics. The possible relevance of this finding for the pathogenesis of urate precipitation in gout is discussed. Further, we consider the application of the tracer urate uptake by erythrocytes as an aid in the early diagnosis of gout.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 57 (1979), S. 267-272 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Sauerstoffaffinität ; 2,3-DPG ; Anpassung an mittlere Höhe ; Körperliche Aktivität in mittlerer Höhe ; Plasmaphosphatspiegel in mittlerer Höhe ; Oxygen affinity ; 2,3-DPG ; Moderate altitude acclimatization ; Exercise at moderate altitude ; Plasma phosphate at altitude
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The influence of a prolonged exposure to medium altitude (1740 m) on the oxygen affinity of hemoglobin was studied in eight male subjects. Moderate altitude is of special interest for several reasons. Many people live or spend their vacations at this elevation, and various studies have indicated that a prolonged stay at such altitudes can have a protective effect angainst some cardiovascular diseases. Further, a shift of the oxygen dissociation curve to the right- as described in many high altitude studies - is beneficial for the tissue oxygen supply only if the arterial oxygen saturation is nearly normal which is the case at this altitude. During the first few days at medium altitude an increase in the oxygen affinity was found when using the non-pH correctedP 50-value (Bohr effect). The continuous increase in the 2,3-DPG concentration was so marked that not only was the Bohr effect counteracted but the curve was also shifted to the right. No significant variation could be found neither in the red blood count nor in the concentrations of potassium or chloride. The inorganic phosphorus increased significantly after ascent. The DPG-induced decrease of oxygen affinity indicates an enhancement of the tissue oxygenation. It is emphasized that this increase of oxygen delivery to the tissue takes place without increase of cardiac output or other energy requiring processes.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Bei acht männlichen Probanden wurde der Einfluß eines 20tägigen Aufenthaltes in mittlerer Höhenlage (1740 m) auf die Sauerstoffbindungsfähigkeit des Hämoglobins untersucht. Diese Höhe ist deshalb von besonderem Interesse, weil eine große Anzahl von Menschen dort entweder dauernd lebt oder sich zu Urlaubszwecken aufhält, weil es zahlreiche Hinweise dafür gibt, daß diese Höhen einen „kurativen“ Effekt, besonders bei bestimmten Herz-Kreislauferkrankungen haben können und weil eine Verschiebung der Sauerstoffbindungskurve nach rechts, wie sie bei Aufenthalten in größeren Höhen beschrieben wurde, nur dann für die O2 Versorgung des Gewebes vorteilhaft ist, wenn die arterielle O2 Aufsättigung normal ist, was in mittleren Höhen noch der Fall ist. Bei Berücksichtigung des nicht pH korrigiertenP 50-Wertes kam es während der ersten Höhentage zu einer Alkalose-bedingten Zunahme der O2-Affinität, doch war die folgende kontinuierliche 2,3-DPG Zunahme so ausgeprägt, daß nicht nur der Bohr Effekt aufgehoben wurde, sondern es zu einer echten Rechtsverlagerung der Bindungskurve kam, was eine tatsächliche Verbesserung der O2-Versorgung des Gewebes bedeutet. Andere Parameter wie Hämoglobin Konzentration, Hämatokrit, aber auch Kalium und Chlorid zeigten keine signifikanten Veränderungen, während das anorganische Plasmaphosphat während des Höhenaufenthaltes erhöht war.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 42 (1964), S. 1100-1102 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 352 (1974), S. 121-133 
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Urate ; Protein Interaction ; Uptake by Erythrocytes ; Renal Reabsorption ; Man ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Interaction of urate with human and rat plasma was studied by a dialysis technique at different temperatures. At 4° C a certain fraction of urate is bound to proteins. However, this fraction diminishes with increasing temperature and at 37° C only some 7–8% (in man) and 2% (in rat) interact with proteins. The finding that urate is almost completely filtered in the glomerulus is discussed. In body areas exposed to low temperatures protein binding of urate may be of importance. Urate uptake by erythrocytes is characterized by two components: a fast component equilibrating almost immediately at about 7% in man and 17% in rat and a slow component reaching equilibrium after 60 min, at 28% and 36%, respectively. The process is described by a mathematical formula. Lowering of the temperature mainly diminishes uptake by the slow component withQ 10-values ranging between 1.5 and 4.0. In the observed range of concentrations the uptake process does not saturate. The results at lower pH-values suggest that it is unionized uric acid which is transported by the slow component. Application of the data to kidney medulla supports the hypothesis that erythrocytes and, probably, to a lesser extent plasma proteins serve as vehicles for urate reabsorption in the countercurrent system. Such a temporary interaction enables uric acid to escape recirculation and to leave the kidney medulla.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 352 (1974), S. 115-120 
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Urate ; Reabsorption ; Loop of Henle ; Micropuncture ; Microperfusion ; Microinjection ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Reabsorption rates for urate in the loops of Henle were measured in superficial nephrons in the rat 1. under conditions of free flow, 2. using microperfusion and 3. by a microinjection technique. 1. Under conditions of free flow distally measured TF/PUA/TF/PIn-values varied between 0.51 and 0.38 in antidiuretic rats, depending on TF/PIn (UA = both uric acid and urate, In = inulin, TF/P = concentration in tubular fluid to plasma concentration). The corresponding values in samples from end-proximal tubules were 1.06 and in urine 0.19 (U/PUA/U/PIn). 2. In microperfusion experiments of Henle loops early distal recoveries of 2-C14 urate varied between 57 and 86%, depending on the flow rates (10–40 nl/min). 3. In microinjection experiments C14 recovery in urine was about 85% when tracer solution was microinjected into endproximal tubules. From these results we conclude: 1. The main site of urate reabsorption is located in the loops of Henle. 2. This reabsorption is highly dependent on flow rates. Increase of flow rate through Henle's loop decreases urate reabsorption.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 296 (1967), S. 179-195 
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. Vasoconstriction in the isolated kidney can be reduced by the use of fresh blood for perfusion. The amount used for filling the perfusion machine should not exceed that volume which passes the kidney within 3 min. Mechanical stirring and haemolysis should be reduced as much as possible. 2. Initial vasoconstriction is attenuated by addition of dilating drugs to the perfusion system (promethazine, acetylcholine). 3. After a normal period of about 1 hr, total renal blood flow increases to supranormal values as high as 6–10 ml/g · min. It is believed that this dilation is due to liberation of the Hagemann factor in heparinized blood, which activates a bradykinin like substance and to the removal of vasoconstricting factors. Medullary passage times are 40% higher than those obtained in kidneys in situ. 4. Glomerular filtration rate (Creatinine clearance) reaches values (42–86 ml/100 g · min) comparable to those obtained in kidneys in situ. It then decreases during the second phase of the experiment, characterized by increases in total renal blood flow, intratubular pressure, and kidney weight. 5. The isolated kidney reaches a state of water diuresis within 1 hr after transfer to the perfusion system. Urine osmolality falls to values as low as 60 mOsmols/kg with a urine volume of 4 ml/100 g · min. 6. Addition of antidiuretic hormone (0.1–1.0 units/hr) prevents water diuresis but does not maintain a normal concentrating function. 7. In most of the experiments sodium reabsorption is not impaired. Large increases of Na-rejection are observed: a) in kidneys taken from dogs having received a high sodium diet for 3 weeks prior to isolation of the kidney. b) after infusion of saline either into the animal 1/2 hr before isolation of the kidney (500 ml) or during the perfusion experiment (150 ml). 8. Impairment of Na reabsorption coincides with increased K excretion. 9. It can be stated that the isolated perfused kidney is able to function like a normal kidney in situ. However, there is a progressive impairment of filtration and concentrating processes, for which oedema might be at least partly responsible.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 38 (1960), S. 680-680 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Amphibian kidney ; Potassium ; Chloride ; Barium ; Furosemide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Experiments in the amphibian early distal tubule have shown that Cl transport is secondarily active, coupled to the flux of Na and dependent on the presence of luminal K. Omission of luminal K results in a decrease of cellular Na, a finding that suggests inhibition of luminal Na entry. In the present study intracellular chloride activity (Cli) and peritubular cell membrane potentials (PDpt) were evaluated before and after omission of luminal K. Furthermore, the effect of inhibition of the luminal K conductance by barium on the electrochemical gradient of Cl (E te Cl ) across the distal epithelium was determined at static head conditions. Experiments were performed in early distal segments of the isolated perfused kidney ofAmphiuma andRana esculenta. Cli and PDpt were measured simultaneously in single cells by double barreled Cl sensitive microelectrodes in the presence and absence of luminal K. E te Cl was determined at zero net flux conditions with single barreled electrodes in control tubules, in the presence of barium (3·10−3 mol/l) and in the presence of furosemide (5·10−5 mol/l). In 26 individual cellular impalements omission of luminal K hyperpolarized PDpt from 72.5±1.2 to 90.0±1.9 mV (cell interior negative). Concomitantly, Cli fell from 8.5±0.4 to 5.4±0.3 mmol/l. Both effects occurred within seconds and were fully reversible. Addition of barium to the luminal fluid diminished E te Cl (directed lumen positive) from a control value of 39.5±1.4 mV to 28.5±2.5mV. E te Cl could be further diminished to 14.1±2.1 mV and to 1.3±0.5 mV after application of barium on both sides and after luminal application of furosemide, respectively. The experiments indicate that active Cl uptake across the luminal cell membrane depends critically on the presence of luminal K. Omission of luminal K achieved either by perfusing the lumen with K-free solutions or by inhibition of K back flux from the cell interior into the lumen by barium reduces Cl reabsorption. Together with previous data on the K dependence of the Na uptake the present experiments support the hypothesis of a common transport system for K, Na, Cl located in the luminal cell membrane.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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