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  • 11
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 61.14.Hg
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The RHEED intensity oscillation technique has received wide-spread attention for the study of MBE growth dynamics, but insufficient consideration has been given to the diffraction conditions and processes involved. We report here a systematic investigation of the intensity oscillation behaviour as a function of diffraction parameters (azimuth, incidence angle, specular and non-specular beams), with constant growth conditions for GaAs films on GaAs (001) substrates. We show that many reported anomalies attributed to growth effects, such as phase differences and periodicity variations, can be accounted for entirely by diffraction events, provided it is realised that multiple scattering processes are the dominant cause of RHEED intensity variations during growth. The technique can provide valuable information on growth behaviour, but only if diffraction-dependent effects are first eliminated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 12
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 61.14.Hg
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract There is a diffraction-induced phase effect in the RHEED intensity oscillation technique used in MBE, whereby intensity maxima only correspond to monolayer completion for very restricted conditions. In particular, the angle of incidence of the primary beam is extremely critical. The effect occurs because the total intensity at the measured position of the specular beam is always derived from at least two different diffraction processes, which do not have the same phase relation to monolayer formation. It can be accomodated either by a systematic series of measurements to establish an empirical relationship between incidence angle and phase, or by Fourier transform techniques. Unless full account is taken of this purely diffraction-induced effect, very misleading results can be obtained for the time constants of the recovery period following cessation of growth and this is illustrated for GaAs. The effect also has important implications for the growth-interrupt technique. In addition, it is shown that for heterojunction formation in the GaAs/(Al, Ga)As system, adatom (Ga and Al) migration lengths are of greater importance than the position in the monolayer at which the composition is changed, and that RHEED can provide only limited information on the interface structure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford [u.a.] : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Acta crystallographica 43 (1987), S. 873-875 
    ISSN: 1600-5759
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 23 (1988), S. 3692-3697 
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The creep crack propagation behaviour of a 25 Cr-20 Ni heat-resistant steel at 1103 to 1163 K has been studied using a CT-specimen with a thickness of 3 to 9 mm. With increasing specimen thickness, the crack growth rates increase in the thickness range 6 to 9 mm but remain almost constant in the range 3 to 6 mm. The temperature dependence of crack growth rates can be related to a thermally activated process of creep crack propagation. A creep mechanism is suggested to be the rate controlling process of creep crack propagation. The activation energy of creep crack propagation increases with increasing stress intensity factor. The effect of microstructure on crack growth rates shows that the as-cast specimen has a much higher crack growth rate than specimens pre-aged for 1500 to 8000 h and the specimen aged for 5000 h has the optimum crack propagation resistance. The characteristics of creep crack propagation are explained by the variation of microstructure with ageing, especially the size, distribution and stability of secondary carbides and the morphology of eutectic carbides.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 23 (1988), S. 4357-4362 
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Morphology and geometry of melted zones, cooling rates, microstructure and microhardness in the laser-glazed Fe-4%C-10%Sn alloy have been investigated. The computer simulation on the basis of the moving gaussian source model was used successfully to predict the maximum width and depth of the melted zone and the cooling rate. The microstructure from the surface to the bottom of the laser-melted zone is a non-crystalline phase, dendritic grains and a microcrystalline zone successively. Values of the averaged-spacing of the non-crystalline phase are 0.2056 and 0.1219nm, respectively; twinned martensites, having an axial ratioc/a of 1.128, existed in dendritic grains, and carbides of Fe3 C at the interdendritic regions; the microcrystalline zone was composed of α-Fe and a new bet (a=0.415 nm,c=0.955 nm) phase. The different microstructure in the melted zone can be explained by the results of the heat flow calculation. A fine eutectic structure (α-Fe + Fe3C) was observed in heat-affected zones. Microhardness of the eutectic structure can be predicted by the empirical relation of fracture stress to the interlamellar spacing of pearlite.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 16
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Minute ; Ribosomal protein ; Transformation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Minute loci represent a class of about 50 different Drosophila genes that appear to be functionally related. These genes may code for components of the protein synthetic apparatus. While one Minute locus has been recently shown to code for a ribosomal protein, it is not yet known whether any of the other Minute loci also code for ribosomal proteins. We have addressed this question by a combined molecular and genetic approach. In this report, a cloned DNA encoding the ribosomal protein rp21 is partially characterized. The rp21 gene maps to the same region (region 80 of chromosome 3L) as the temperature-sensitive Minute QIII gene. Using P-element mediated transformation, the rp21 gene was transformed into the germline of Drosophila. RNA blot experiments revealed that the transformed gene is expressed in transgenic flies. However, genetic complementation analysis indicated that the QIII locus and the rp21 gene are not identical. Implications of these findings for the relationship between Minutes and ribosomal protein genes are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Neurochemical research 12 (1987), S. 331-334 
    ISSN: 1573-6903
    Keywords: Brain tubulin formation ; light stimulation ; optic lobe
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effect of light exposure on the protein patterns of optic lobe and forebrain of the chick embryo was analysed by a high-resolution micro-two-dimensional polyacryamide gel electrophoresis and computerized quantitation. Experiments were done on three groups of eggs: control group was incubated in the dark; simultaneously, in the same incubator, one group of eggs was illuminated by constant light, another by intermittent light (3 sec interval) from day 10 to day 16 of incubation. In embryos exposed to intermittent light the relative amount of tubulins was significantly increased in the optic lobe. In the frontal lobe no effect of light exposure on the concentration of tubulins was seen. The rise of tubulins in the optic lobe was only caused by intermittant light. Continuous illumination of the eggs for the same period under otherwise identical incubation conditions was ineffective.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    The European physical journal 329 (1988), S. 69-76 
    ISSN: 1434-601X
    Keywords: 21.10.Ma ; 25.70.Gh
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract A method to calculate the effect of the Pauli exclusion principle in multiparticle and hole state densities is proposed. The model-independent method can be essentially extended to any multi-fermion system. For an application to the exciton model, both the strict expression of state densities and the exact Pauli exclusion correction have been obtained in the equidistant spacing model. The enhancement of the exact Pauli exclusion correlation implies that the Pauli exclusion principle plays a quite important role in state densities.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 23 (1988), S. 2115-2120 
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Ceramic injection-moulding blends containing 56 vol % fine silicon nitride and 65 vol % coarse silicon powder in a polypropylene and wax vehicle were prepared by dispersive mixing with and without 2 p.p.h. silane coupling agent based on the weight of powder. The addition of silane reduced the viscosity and the pseudoplasticity of the suspensions considerably. The mechanical strength of the moulding compositions, which may influence the tendency to crack during solidification in the cavity, was marginally increased. The treated silicon powder was strongly hydrophobic but this was not the case with the silicon nitride powder.[/p]
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 26 (1988), S. 571-587 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The non-linear field-boundary-element technique is applied to the analysis of snap-through phenomena in thin shallow shells. The equilibrium path is traced by using the arc-length method and the solution strategy is discussed in detail. The results show that, as compared to the approaches based on the popular symmetric-variational Galerkin finite element formulation, the current approach based on an unsymmetric variational Petrov-Galerkin field-boundary-element formulation gives a faster convergence while using fewer degrees of freedom. The illustrative numerical examples deal with post-buckling responses of several shallow shells with different geometries.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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