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  • 2000-2004
  • 1990-1994  (4)
  • 1940-1944
  • 1992  (4)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International journal of game theory 21 (1992), S. 249-266 
    ISSN: 1432-1270
    Keywords: Cooperative Game ; Shapley Value ; Precedence Constraint ; Marginal Contribution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Notes: Abstract Cooperative games are considered where only those coalitions of players are feasible that respect a given precedence structure on the set of players. Strengthening the classical symmetry axiom, we obtain three axioms that give rise to a unique Shapley value in this model. The Shapley value is seen to reflect the expected marginal contribution of a player to a feasible random coalition, which allows us to evaluate the Shapley value nondeterministically. We show that every exact algorithm for the Shapley value requires an exponential number of operations already in the classical case and that even restriction to simple games is #P-hard in general. Furthermore, we outline how the multi-choice cooperative games of Hsiao and Raghavan can be treated in our context, which leads to a Shapley value that does not depend on pre-assigned weights. Finally, the relationship between the Shapley value and the permission value of Gilles, Owen and van den Brink is discussed. Both refer to formally similar models of cooperative games but reflect complementary interpretations of the precedence constraints and thus give rise to fundamentally different solution concepts.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1439-0973
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In zwei Universitätskliniken wurde während eines Zeitraumes von drei Jahren bei acht PatientenStomatococcus mucilaginosus aus Blutkulturen isoliert. Der zentral-venöse Katheter eines Patienten war mit diesem Organismus ohne Zeichen einer Infektion kolonisiert, zwei Patienten hatten eine passagere Bakteriämie ohne eindeutige Beziehung zur Grunderkrankung, während die übrigen fünf Patienten unter klinisch bedeutsamen Infektionen litten. Von diesen letzteren Patienten war bei einem Patienten ein chirurgischer Eingriff im Kopf-Halsbereich durchgeführt worden, vier Patienten wiesen maligne hämatologische Erkrankungen mit milder bis schwerer Neutropenie auf; zwei dieser Patienten entwickelten die Infektion im Anschluß an einen zahnärztlichen Eingriff. Neben oropharyngealen Schleimhautläsionen und Neutropenie könnte eine antibakterielle Prophylaxe mit Chinolonen ein zusätzlicher Risikofaktor für das Entstehen derS. mucilaginosus- Bakteriämie bei diesen Patienten gewesen sein. Eine gründliche Literaturübersicht belegte, daß zusätzlich zu unseren Beobachtungen, Endokarditiden und Fremdkörperinfektionen weitere typische Krankheitsmanifestationen sind. Obgleich die Antibiotikaempfindlichkeit insgesamt der von Streptokokken ähnelt, ist zu unterstellen, daß Penicillin G nicht das Mittel der ersten Wahl bei besonders schwerwiegenden Infektionen ist.S. mucilaginosus kann leicht von anderen grampositiven Bakterien differenziert werden, wenn bestimmte Schlüsselkriterien (z.B. Adhärenz zu Agaroberflächen, schlechtes Wachstum auf Mueller-Hinton Agar, Kapseldarstellung) sowie eine Reihe von biochemischen Tests, einschließlich kommerziell erhältlicher Identifizierungssysteme, Anwendung finden. Unsere eigenen und publizierte Daten unterstreichen, daß Mikrobiologen und Kliniker diesem opportunistischen Erreger verstärkt Beachtung schenken sollten.
    Notes: Summary During a three-year period eight patients with blood cultures positive forStomatococcus mucilaginosus were identified at two university hospitals. One patient without any signs of infection had a central venous catheter that was colonized with this organism, two patients had transient bacteremia without definite relationship to underlying disease, whereas the remaining five patients suffered from clinically significant infections. Of these last five patients, one had undergone prior head and neck surgery and four had hematologic malignancy with mild to severe neutropenia; two of the latter patients developed the infection subsequent to dental surgery. Besides neutropenia and mucosal damage in the oropharynx, quinolone antibacterial prophylaxis may have been an additional risk factor for the development ofS. mucilaginosus bacteremia in these patients. A thorough review of the literature revealed that in addition to our findings, endocarditis and foreign body infections are further typical clinical manifestations. Although the overall antibiotic susceptibility pattern ofS. mucilaginosus resembles that of streptococci, it is suggested that penicillin G may not be the drug of choice for initial therapy of particularly severe infections.S. mucilaginosus can be easily differentiated from other gram-positive bacteria when certain key criteria (e.g. adherence to agar surfaces, poor growth on Mueller-Hinton agar, presence of a capsule) as well as an array of biochemical tests, including commercially available identification systems, are applied. Our own and published data emphasize that both microbiologists and clinicians should be increasingly aware of this opportunistic pathogen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Infection 20 (1992), S. 117-117 
    ISSN: 1439-0973
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 1 (1992), S. 299-308 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: LPCVD ; Tantalum pentoxide ; High dielectric constant ; ULSI devices ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: A laminar flow low-pressure chemical vapour deposition (LPCVD) system (LAM IntegrityTM) has been used to deposit tantalum pentoxide (Ta2O5) from Ta(OEt)5 films in the presence of oxygen (O2) at 470 °C at a typical deposition rate of 4 nm min-1. Uniformities of 〈1.5% (SD 1σ) over a 150 mm silicon substrate were obtained. The layers were annealed under different conditions. It was discovered that the films did not change their stoichiometry as determined by Rutherford backscattering (RBS). The as-deposited films were amorphous but became crystalline (β-Ta2O5) at temperatures 〉 700 °C. The transmission electron microscopy (TEM) results on crystallisation behaviour were supported by X-ray diffraction data. The electrical properties of the Ta2O5 films have been characterised using MIS (metal/insulator/silicon) capacitor structures. Leakage values of 〈10-6 A cm-2 at 6 MV cm-1 equivalent applied electric field and breakdown strengths of 〉7 MV cm-1 at 1.6 μA were obtained for annealed layers. Compound dielectric constants (native silicon oxide thickness of about 2.5 nm plus Ta2O5 of various thicknesses) between 14 and 〉30 have been measured. The electrical properties reveal the potential use of Ta2O5 as a storage capacitor dielectric in 64 and 256 Mbit DRAM (dynamic random access memory) devices.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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