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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ion divergence in magnetically insulated diodes (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Plasmas 3 (1996), S. 2175-2182 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Magnetically insulated ion diodes are being developed to drive inertial confinement fusion. Ion beam microdivergence must be reduced to achieve the very high beam intensities required to achieve this goal. Three-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations [Phys. Rev. Lett. 67, 3094 (1991)] indicate that instability-induced fluctuations can produce significant ion divergence during acceleration. These simulations exhibit a fast growing mode early in time, which has been identified as the diocotron instability. The divergence generated by this mode is modest, due to the relatively high-frequency ((approximately-greater-than)1 GHz). Later, a low-frequency low-phase-velocity instability develops with a frequency that is approximately the reciprocal of the ion transit time. This instability couples effectively to the ions, and can generate unacceptably large ion divergences ((approximately-greater-than)30 mrad). Linear stability theory reveals that this mode has structure parallel to the applied magnetic field and is related to the modified two-stream instability. Measurements of ion density fluctuations and energy-momentum correlations have confirmed that instabilities develop in ion diodes and contribute to the ion divergence. In addition, spectroscopic measurements indicate that lithium ions have a significant transverse temperature very close to the emission surface. Passive thin-film lithium fluoride (LiF) anodes have larger transverse beam temperatures than laser-irradiated active sources. Calculations of the ion beam source divergence for the LiF film due to surface roughness and the possible loss of adhesion and fragmentation of this film are presented. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.871672
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Diagnosing plasma conditions in light ion beam fusion experiments using inner-shell x-ray line emission (abstract)a) : Proceedings of the tenth topical conference on high temperature plasma diagnostics (1995)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 66 (1995), S. 564-564 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Kα emission spectroscopy is an important diagnostic technique used for plasmas created in intense light ion beam experiments.b),c) Emission lines can be produced as 2p electrons drop down to fill 1s vacancies created by the ion beam. Bailey et al.b) reported the first spectroscopic measurements of Kα x-ray satellites in intense proton beam experiments on PBFA-II at Sandia. Kα emission spectra have also recently been observed in intense Li-beam experiments on PBFA-II.d) Two approaches are used to analyze time-integrated x-ray spectra. In the first, CRE calculations are performed to compute synthetic time-integrated spectra using plasma conditions predicted from radiation-hydrodynamic simulations. In the second approach, plasma conditions are deduced from Kα satellite line intensity ratios measured from the highest ionization stages observed in the experiments. Results will be presented from our analysis of recent PBFA-II x-ray spectra. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1146353
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Target diagnostics for intense lithium ion hohlraum experiments on Particle Beam Fusion Accelerator II : Proceedings of the tenth topical conference on high temperature plasma diagnostics (1995)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 66 (1995), S. 511-514 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A review of the diagnostics used at Sandia National Laboratories to measure the parameters of intense lithium ion-beam hohlraum target experiments on Particle Beam Fusion Accelerator II will be presented. This diagnostic package contains an extensive suite of x-ray spectral and imaging diagnostics that enable measurements of target temperature and x-ray output. The x-ray diagnostics include time-integrated and time-resolved pinhole cameras, energy-resolved one-dimensional streaked imaging diagnostics, time-integrated and time-resolved grazing incidence spectrographs, a transmission grating spectrograph, an elliptical crystal spectrograph, a bolometer array, an 11- element x-ray diode array, and an 11-element PIN diode detector array. The incident Li beam symmetry and an estimate of incident Li beam power density can be measured from ion beam-induced characteristic x-ray line emission and neutron emission. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1146334
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    In situ gettering of edge-defined film-fed growth silicon in a CO ambient (1995)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 77 (1995), S. 371-377 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Edge-defined film-fed growth (EFG) Si grown with carbon monoxide (CO) added to the Ar ambient during crystal growth yields solar cells with higher efficiencies than when grown without CO. This increase in cell efficiency is not fully understood. Surface photovoltage, deep-level transient spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy were used to determine the minority carrier diffusion lengths, impurity distributions, and defect structures in uncontaminated, Cr contaminated, and V contaminated EFG material grown with and without CO added to the Ar ambient. We conclude that "SiC-like'' complexes in the near-surface region of the CO ambient material act as gettering sites during crystal growth, and that this gettering action results in lower bulk impurity levels and higher solar cell efficiencies. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.359332
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Colletotrichum gloeosporioides as the cause of stem tip dieback of cassava (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant pathology 45 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: A fungus with morphological features corresponding to the group species Colletorichum gloeosporioides was consistently isolated from cassava with shoots showing dieback symptoms in Ghana. When four locally-grown cultivars were inoculated with isolates of the fungus, they developed disease symptoms, which consisted of discrete dark brown lesions on the stems followed by defoliation. Koch's postulates were completed by re-isolating the fungus from the inoculated plants. The relatedness of the isolates lo other members of the genus Calletotrichum, whose identities were well established, was investigated by comparison of the nucleotide sequence of domain 2 of their ribosomal DNA. The cassava isolates differed from authentic isolates of C. gloeosporioides by only one nucleotide among the 193 analysed. The causal agent of cassava stem tip dieback (STDB) is thus identified as a form of C. gloeosporioides.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.1996.tb02897.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sexual orientation revolution (1995)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature genetics 11 (1995), S. 353-354 
    Details
    ISSN: 1546-1718
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: [Auszug] Dean Hamer's 1993 report of linkage between X chromosomal markers and male sexual orientation1–2 has surely inspired more controversy than any other linkage finding to date. Some gay individuals were delighted that the finding seemed to confirm intuitions that their sexuality reflected innate ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ng1295-353
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fluorometric measurement of poly-β hydroxybutyrate in Alcaligenes eutrophus by flow cytometry and spectrofluorometry (1995)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 42 (1995), S. 653-657 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Two fluorometric assays for the determination of poly-β-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) inside intact cells are presented in this paper, a spectrofluorometric method and one based on a laser flow cytometer. The principles of these assays are given, and the results of these methods are compared with those of a gas chromatographic assay. All assays were used for the monitoring of batch cultivations of Alcaligenes eutrophus. The correlation between all methods was very good; however, the fluorometric analysis was the fastest while the cytometric assay gave a direct insight into the PHB distribution over the population.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00171939
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fluorometric measurement of poly-β hydroxybutyrate in Alcaligenes eutrophus by flow cytometry and spectrofluorometry (1995)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 42 (1995), S. 653-657 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract  Two fluorometric assays for the determination of poly-β-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) inside intact cells are presented in this paper, a spectrofluorometric method and one based on a laser flow cytometer. The principles of these assays are given, and the results of these methods are compared with those of a gas chromatographic assay. All assays were used for the monitoring of batch cultivations of Alcaligenes eutrophus. The correlation between all methods was very good; however, the fluorometric analysis was the fastest, while the cytometric assay gave a direct insight into the PHB distribution over the population.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002530050308
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effects of clonidine on cardiovascular responses to standing in healthy volunteers (1995)
    Springer
    Clinical autonomic research 5 (1995), S. 171-177 
    Details
    ISSN: 1619-1560
    Keywords: clonidine ; sympathetic nervous system ; blood pressure monitoring ; hypotension
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract This study assessed the effects of clonidine on blood pressure (BP) and heart rate responses to active standing, recorded continuously using a Finapres monitor. Ten subjects were given a placebo infusion over 1 h, followed by clonidine hydrochloride 1.5 µg/kg over 2 h. During placebo and at 1, 3 and 19 h following the clonidine infusion, heart rate and blood pressure were recorded during the second half of supine rest for 10 min, active standing and quiet standing for 7 min. Clonidine did not alter the size of immediate drop in BP on standing, although the nadir was lower. BP recovery was impaired, with a loss of the usual BP overshoot in most subjects and with delays in reaching supine levels of diastolic BP (6.1 versus 9.6 s; p 〈 0.01) and systolic BP (8.1 versus 12.3 s; p 〈 0.05). The compensatory initial heart rate rise was significantly increased from 47 to 53 beats/min (p 〈 0.05), athough the peak rate reached was reduced from 114 to 104 beats/min (p 〈 0.05). These results demonstrate that impairment of central sympathetic vasomotor drive leads to a delay in BP recovery and loss of initial BP overshoot immediately after standing, together with impaired maintenance of early steady-state BP.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01826201
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Measurement of muon transfer rate λpt and molecular formation rate λppµ, in solid hydrogen targets, in solid hydrogen targets (1996)
    Springer
    Hyperfine interactions 101-102 (1996), S. 229-237 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9540
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The knowledge of muon transfer from protium to tritium is essentially theoretical and the different theoretical values disagree partially. Using solid hydrogen-tritium targets, with different tritium concentrations, we obtained precise experimental results for the transfer rate to tritium and the ppµ molecular formation rate. The time spectra of neutrons and alpha particles produced after dtµ fusion are used to determine the transfer rate λpt and the molecule formation rate λppµ.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02227627
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