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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Degradation of dielectric breakdown field of thermal SiO2 films due to structural defects in Czochralski silicon substrates (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 79 (1996), S. 7944-7957 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We used heat treatment to intentionally introduce various structural defects in Czochralski silicon substrates. The type, size, and number density of the induced defects were surveyed with transmission electron microscopy, and the defects were then incorporated into SiO2 films (10–50 nm thick) during thermal oxidation in dry O2. The effect of the defects on dielectric strength of the SiO2 films was examined with a time zero dielectric breakdown method. Larger platelet oxygen precipitates caused greater decreases of the breakdown field, and precipitates smaller than the SiO2 film thickness did not appreciably reduce the breakdown field. Every large platelet oxygen precipitate incorporated in the SiO2 film caused a degradation. Octahedral oxygen precipitates caused little degradation. The breakdown field was higher than 7 MV/cm and did not depend much on the SiO2 film thickness and precipitate size. We discussed possible mechanisms for the degradation due to both kinds of precipitates. Oxidation-induced stacking faults formed by a surface oxidation did not markedly reduce the breakdown field when only segments of dislocations and stacking faults were incorporated in the SiO2 film. Another serious degradation was caused by pits that were formed by dissolving octahedral oxygen precipitates in a HF solution. The breakdown field was lower for thicker oxide films, and it recovered as the pit shape became smoother during chemical etching. We proposed that this degradation was caused by a local thinning of SiO2 film due to stress generated in the oxidation of pits. These results suggest that voids rather than the other reported grown-in defects play the most important role in the degradation observed for as-grown silicon. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.362344
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Terahertz radiation from superconducting YBa2Cu3O7−δ thin films excited by femtosecond optical pulses (1996)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 69 (1996), S. 2122-2124 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Ultrashort electromagnetic waves (600 fs width) from superconducting YBCO thin films have been observed by irradiating current-biased samples with femtosecond optical laser pulses (80 fs width). The Fourier component of the pulse extends up to ∼2 THz. The characteristics of the radiation are studied and the radiation mechanism is ascribed to the ultrafast supercurrent modulation by the laser pulses, which induce the nonequilibrium superconductivity. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.117175
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Formation mechanism of anomalous “golf ball-like” composite polymer particles by seeded emulsion polymerization (1996)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 274 (1996), S. 520-524 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Composite polymer particle ; emulsion polymerization ; morphology ; anomalous shape ; phase separation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Recently, the authors found that anomalous polystyrene/polybutyl acrylate composite particles, whose surfaces had many dents, were produced by emulsifier-free seeded emulsion polymerization of butyl acrylate with polystyrene seed particles. Such a particle was named a “golf ball-like” particle. In this article, the morphology and the formation mechanism of the golf ball-like composite polymer particles were studied.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00655226
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The relationship between orthostatic dysregulation and the orthostatic test in dizzy patients (1996)
    Springer
    European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology and head & neck 253 (1996), S. 268-272 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-4726
    Keywords: Orthostatic dysregulation ; autonomic imbalance ; Dizziness ; Orthostatic test
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The orthostatic test was administered to 134 dizzy patients (37 males and 97 females) who were identified as having orthostatic dysregulation from December 1990 through November 1994. The mean age of the male and female patients was 42.5 and 44.6 years, respectively, and the peak age decade was the 50s. Among the questionnaire items for orthostatic dysregulation, orthostatic dizziness was the most frequent major symptom and occurred in 116 of the patients (86.6%). Fatigue was the most frequent minor symptom and was found in 97 (72.4%). The incidence of positive orthostatic test results in the patients with orthostatic dysregulation (50.7%) was significantly higher (P 〈 0.01) than that in the control subjects (27.8%). There was also a significant difference (P 〈 0.01 or P 〈 0.05) between systolic pressure decrease during the orthostatic test procedure in the patients with orthostatic dysregulation and that in the control subjects. These results suggest that autonomic imbalance as reflected by the orthostatic dysregulation questionnaire and orthostatic test results is closely related to the occurrence of dizziness or vertigo.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00171141
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Small Defects and Inhomogeneities in Fatigue Strength: Experiments, Models and Statistical Implications (1999)
    Springer
    Extremes 2 (1999), S. 123-147 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-915X
    Keywords: Fatigue limit ; maximum defect ; projection area ; inclusion ; extremes ; Gumbel ; 62N05 ; 60D05
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract The method explained in this paper for quantitative evaluation of fatigue limit for materials containing defects is based on the experimental evidences that inhomogeneities and micro-notches can be treated like cracks. First, the basic concept of the √area parameter model is explained introducing the various data obtained by the first author's group for over last 15 years. Evidences are shown that small cracks, defects and nonmetallic inclusions having the same value of the square root of projection area, √area, have the identical influence on the fatigue limit regardless of different stress concentration factors. Various applications of these concepts to various defect types and microstructural inhomogeneities are shown. Since the estimation of fatigue strength is related to the estimation of the size of maximum defects occurring in a piece, the methods for searching the defects and the quality control of materials with respect to inclusion or defect rating as well as their statistical implications are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009976418553
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Phase relation and properties of oxynitride glasses in the Si3N4-Yb2O3-SiO2 system (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 15 (1996), S. 1271-1272 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4811
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00274398
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Abnormal cell divisions in leaf primordia caused by the expression of the rice homeobox geneOSH1 lead to altered morphology of leaves in transgenic tobacco (1996)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 251 (1996), S. 13-22 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Homeobox gene ; In situ hybridization ; Leaf morphology ; Transgenic tobacco
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Transgenic tobacco plants were generated carrying a rice homeobox gene,OSH1, controlled by the promoter of a gene encoding a tobacco pathogenesis-related protein (PR1a). These lines were morphologically abnormal, with wrinkled and/or lobed leaves. Histological analysis of shoot apex primordia indicated arrest of lateral leaf blade expansion, often resulting in asymmetric and anisotropic growth of leaf blades. Other notable abnormalities included abnormal or arrested development of leaf lateral veins. Interestingly,OSH1 expression was undetectable in mature leaves with the aberrant morphological features. Thus,OSH1 expression in mature leaves is not necessary for abnormal leaf development. Northern blot and in situ hybridization analyses indicate thatPR1a-OSH1 is expressed only in the shoot apical meristem and in very young leaf primordia. Therefore, the aberrant morphological features are an indirect consequence of ectopicOSH1 gene expression. The only abnormality observed in tissues expressing the transgene was periclinal (rather than anticlinal) division in mesophyll cells during leaf blade initiation. This generates thicker leaf blades and disrupts the mesophyll cell layers, from which vascular tissues differentiate. TheOSH1 product appears to affect the mechanism controlling the orientation of the plane of cell division, resulting in abnormal periclinal division of mesophyll cell, which in turn results in the gross morphological abnormalities observed in the transgenic lines.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02174339
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Crystallization behavior of amorphous solid solutions and phase sepration in the Cr2O3-Fe2O3 system (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 34 (1999), S. 951-955 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Fine particles of the amorphous Cr2O3-Fe2O2 solid solutions were prepared by dehydration of coprecipitated hydroxides and their crystallization behavior was studied by differential thermal analysis and X-ray diffraction. The peak temperature for crystallization attained a maximum at a composition near Fe2O3 content of about 60 mol % and the activation energy for crystallization attained a minimum at a composition near Fe2O3 content of about 50 mol % in this quasibinary system. Phase separation occurred in a range of Fe2O3 content from about 35 to 80 mol % in the corundum-type solid solutions heat treated at 600 °C for 2 h. Crystallization behavior was discussed briefly related with phase separation and diffusion in fine particles.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004575423933
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sequence determination and phylogenetic analysis of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) of the porcine enterovirus 1 (PEV-1) Talfan strain (1999)
    Springer
    Archives of virology 144 (1999), S. 1845-1852 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-8798
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary.  The nucleotide sequence of the region including the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) of the porcine enterovirus 1 (PEV-1) Talfan strain was determined. Amino acid identities of Talfan RdRp with those of other picornaviruses were significantly lower than those seen among the viruses of the same genus of picornaviruses. The phylogenetic analysis of RdRp indicated that picornaviruses were divided into 8 clusters, in which Talfan was genetically distinct from other picornaviruses in contrast to the current taxonomy. In this study, we propose that PEV-1 Talfan be regarded as a new genus for the family Picorna- viridae.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s007050050709
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A long-range physical map of human Chromosome 21q22.1 band from the YAC continuum (1996)
    Springer
    Mammalian genome 7 (1996), S. 303-311 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1777
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The human Chromosome (Chr) 21q22.1 region contains several genes for cytokines and neurotransmitters and the gene for superoxide dismutase (mutant forms of which can cause familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis). A region of approximately 5.8 Mb encompassing D21S82 and the glycinamide ribonucleotide transformylase (GART) loci was covered by overlapping YAC clones, which were contiguously ordered by clone walking with sequence-tagged site (STSs). A total of 76 markers, including 29 YAC end-specific STSs, were unambiguously ordered in this 5.8-Mb region, and the average interval between markers was 76 kb. Restriction maps of the YAC clones with rare-cutting enzymes were simultaneously prepared, and the restriction sites were aligned to obtain a consensus restriction map of the proximal region of the 21q22.1 band. The restriction map made from 44 overlapping YACs contains 54 physically assigned STSs. By integrating the consensus map of the adjacent 1.8-Mb region, we obtained a fine physical map spanning 6.5 Mb of human Chr 21q22.1. This map contains 24 precisely positioned end-specific STSs and 12 NotI-linking markers. More than 39 potential CpG islands were identified in this region and were found to be unevenly distributed. This physical map and the YACs should be useful as a reference map and as a resource for further structural analysis of the Giemsa-negative band (R-band) of Chr 21q22.1.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003359900087
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