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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electron–anode interactions in particle-in-cell simulations of applied-B ion diodes (1999)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Plasmas 6 (1999), S. 3369-3387 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Particle-in-cell simulations of applied-B ion diodes using the QUICKSILVER code [D. B. Seidel et al., in Proceedings of the Europhysics Conference on Computational Physics, Amsterdam, 1990, edited by A. Tenner (World Scientific, Singapore, 1991), p. 475] have been augmented with Monte Carlo calculations of electron–anode interactions (reflection and energy deposition). Extraction diode simulations demonstrate a link between the instability evolution and increased electron loss and anode heating. Simulations of radial and extraction ion diodes show spatial nonuniformity in the predicted electron loss profile leading to hot spots on the anode that rapidly exceed the 350 °C–450 °C range, known to be sufficient for plasma formation on electron-bombarded surfaces. Thermal desorption calculations indicate complete desorption of contaminants with 15–20 kcal/mole binding energies in high-dose regions of the anode during the power pulse. Comparisons of parasitic ion emission simulations and experiment show agreement in some aspects, but also highlight the need for better ion source, plasma, and neutral gas models. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.873576
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ion divergence in magnetically insulated diodes (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Plasmas 3 (1996), S. 2175-2182 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Magnetically insulated ion diodes are being developed to drive inertial confinement fusion. Ion beam microdivergence must be reduced to achieve the very high beam intensities required to achieve this goal. Three-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations [Phys. Rev. Lett. 67, 3094 (1991)] indicate that instability-induced fluctuations can produce significant ion divergence during acceleration. These simulations exhibit a fast growing mode early in time, which has been identified as the diocotron instability. The divergence generated by this mode is modest, due to the relatively high-frequency ((approximately-greater-than)1 GHz). Later, a low-frequency low-phase-velocity instability develops with a frequency that is approximately the reciprocal of the ion transit time. This instability couples effectively to the ions, and can generate unacceptably large ion divergences ((approximately-greater-than)30 mrad). Linear stability theory reveals that this mode has structure parallel to the applied magnetic field and is related to the modified two-stream instability. Measurements of ion density fluctuations and energy-momentum correlations have confirmed that instabilities develop in ion diodes and contribute to the ion divergence. In addition, spectroscopic measurements indicate that lithium ions have a significant transverse temperature very close to the emission surface. Passive thin-film lithium fluoride (LiF) anodes have larger transverse beam temperatures than laser-irradiated active sources. Calculations of the ion beam source divergence for the LiF film due to surface roughness and the possible loss of adhesion and fragmentation of this film are presented. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.871672
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Colletotrichum gloeosporioides as the cause of stem tip dieback of cassava (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant pathology 45 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: A fungus with morphological features corresponding to the group species Colletorichum gloeosporioides was consistently isolated from cassava with shoots showing dieback symptoms in Ghana. When four locally-grown cultivars were inoculated with isolates of the fungus, they developed disease symptoms, which consisted of discrete dark brown lesions on the stems followed by defoliation. Koch's postulates were completed by re-isolating the fungus from the inoculated plants. The relatedness of the isolates lo other members of the genus Calletotrichum, whose identities were well established, was investigated by comparison of the nucleotide sequence of domain 2 of their ribosomal DNA. The cassava isolates differed from authentic isolates of C. gloeosporioides by only one nucleotide among the 193 analysed. The causal agent of cassava stem tip dieback (STDB) is thus identified as a form of C. gloeosporioides.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.1996.tb02897.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The DNA sequence of human chromosome 22 (1999)
    [s.l.] : Macmillian Magazines Ltd.
    Nature 402 (1999), S. 489-495 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Knowledge of the complete genomic DNA sequence of an organism allows a systematic approach to defining its genetic components. The genomic sequence provides access to the complete structures of all genes, including those without known function, their control elements, and, by inference, the ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/990031
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Identification of three genes expressed primarily during development in Physarum polycephalum (1999)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 172 (1999), S. 364-376 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Key words Slime moulds ; Physarum polycephalum ; Plasmodium development ; Differential gene expression ; Myosin ; Calcium-binding protein
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract During the life cycle of Physarum polycephalum, uninucleate amoebae develop into multinucleate syncytial plasmodia. These two cell types differ greatly in cellular organisation, behaviour and gene expression. Classical genetic analysis has identified the mating-type gene, matA, as the key gene controlling the initiation of plasmodium development, but nothing is known about the molecular events controlled by matA. In order to identify genes involved in regulating plasmodium formation, we constructed a subtracted cDNA library from cells undergoing development. Three genes that have their highest levels of expression during plasmodium development were identified: redA, redB (regulated in development) and mynD (myosin). Both redA and redB are single-copy genes and are not members of gene families. Although redA has no significant sequence similarities to known genes, redB has sequence similarity to invertebrate sarcoplasmic calcium-binding proteins. The mynD gene is closely related to type II myosin heavy-chain genes from many organisms and is one of a family of type II myosin genes in P. polycephalum. Our results indicate that many more red genes remain to be identified, some of which may play key roles in controlling plasmodium formation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002030050773
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Birth order and sibling sex ratio in two samples of Dutch gender-dysphoric homosexual males (1996)
    Springer
    Archives of sexual behavior 25 (1996), S. 495-514 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2800
    Keywords: homosexuality ; transsexualism ; gender dysphoria ; gender identity disorder ; birth order ; sibling sex ratio
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract Two studies were undertaken to confirm the previous findings that homosexual men in general tend to have a later than expected birth order and that extremely feminine homosexual men also tend to have a higher than expected proportion of brothers (i.e. a highersibling sex ratio). Subjects in Study 1 were Dutch, adult and adolescent, biological male patients with gender dysphoria (persistent and recurrent desires to belong to the opposite sex), who were undergoing treatment with feminizing hormones. These comprised 83 patients who reported sexual attraction to other males (the homosexual group) and 58 who reported sexual attraction to females or equal attraction to males and females (the nonhomosexual group). Subjects in Study 2 were Dutch adolescent male patients at another hospital. The homosexual group consisted of 21 gender-dysphoric homosexual teenagers referred to a gender identity clinic for children and adolescents. The control group were 21 adolescent males referred to the child psychiatry department of the same hospital for reasons other than gender identity disorder, homosexuality, or transvestism. These were individually matched to the homosexual subjects on age and sibship size. In both studies, the homosexual group had a significantly later average birth order than the comparison group. In Study 1, the homosexual group had a significantly elevated sibling sex ratio; this was not tested in Study 2 because of its small sample size. These studies add to the mounting evidence that late birth orders are common to all homosexual samples and that elevated sibling sex ratios are an additional characteristic of extremely feminine ones.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02437544
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    How Accurate Is the Family History Method for Assessing Siblings' Sexual Orientation? (1999)
    Springer
    Archives of sexual behavior 28 (1999), S. 129-137 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2800
    Keywords: SEXUAL ORIENTATION ; FAMILY HISTORY METHOD ; RELIABILITY ; SIBLINGS
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract Previous studies investigating the familialnature of sexual orientation have often relied on thereports of siblings. They have generally obtainedextremely high accuracy rates for proband rating of the sexual orientation of siblings. However,participants in these studies have probably beenunusually open about their sexual orientation, and thusit is uncertain if more representative participantswould have as accurate knowledge about theirfamilies. An unselected sample of twins from theAustralian Twin Registry rated their own, theircotwins', and their siblings' sexual orientations. Weexamined accuracy of heterosexual and homosexual probands'assessments of their twins' sexual orientations, as wellas cotwins' agreement about other siblings'orientations. Concordance between twins' ratings oftheir cotwins' orientations with the cotwins' self-ratedorientations was considerably lower than that found inprevious studies, as was the level of agreement betweenmembers of a twin pair in the assessment of other siblings' sexual orientations. Marital historyas a proxy variable for determining the sexualorientation of older subjects did not support its usewith women, though its use for older men received some weak support.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018715821801
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Molecular dissection of a cosmid from a gene-rich region in 17q21 and characterization of a candidate gene for α-N-acetylglucosaminidase with two cDNA isoforms (1996)
    Springer
    Mammalian genome 7 (1996), S. 686-690 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1777
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. A cosmid mapped to human Chromosome (Chr) 17q21, c140c10, was found to contain a CpG island. We completed the sequence analysis of c140c10 because of two considerations: the cosmid contained an STS from the 17-β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase gene (17-HSD), which was believed to be a neighbor of the breast cancer susceptibility gene, BRCA1; CpG islands are usually associated downstream and/or upstream of human genes. Computer-based exon trapping of the cosmid sequence revealed putative additional exons. With two of those exons used as a probe to screen human placental cDNA libraries, two cDNA isoforms for a novel gene, designated as ufHSD, were isolated. The amino acid sequence of the open reading frames of the cDNA showed no significant homology to any protein in the data base. However, it is possible that our cDNAs are from the gene for α-acetylglucosaminidase, which has recently been localized to the same region. Northern analyses show that the major isoform is expressed in all tissues tested, with the highest expression in blood leukocytes and lowest in brain. Finally, our study has shown that the 46.7-kb cosmid c140c10 encompasses loci for five genes and pseudo-genes: ΨPTP4A, ufHSD, 17-HSDI, 17-HSDII, and 22A1.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003359900206
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Muon-catalyzed fusion in deuterium at 3 K (1996)
    Springer
    Hyperfine interactions 101-102 (1996), S. 21-28 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9540
    Keywords: muon-catalyzed fusion ; deuterium ; solid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Muon-catalyzed fusion in deuterium has traditionally been studied in gaseous and liquid targets. The TRIUMF solid hydrogen layer target system has been used to study the fusion reaction rates in the solid phase at a target temperature of 3 K. Both branches of the cycle were observed; neutrons by a liquid organic scintillator, and protons by a silicon detector located inside the target system. The effective molecular formation rate from the upper hyperfine state and the spin exchange rate have been measured, and information on the branching ratio parameters has been extracted.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02227602
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Characterization of solid hydrogen targets (1996)
    Springer
    Hyperfine interactions 101-102 (1996), S. 641-646 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9540
    Keywords: muon-catalyzed fusion ; thickness measurement ; solid hydrogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract In experiments using the TRIUMF solid hydrogen target system, the knowledge of the target thickness and uniformity is often essential in order to extract physical parameters from the data. We have characterized the thickness and uniformity of frozen targets using the energy loss of alpha particles. An accuracy of ∼5% was achieved, a limit imposed by the uncertainty in the stopping powers: The details of the method are described, and the thickness calibration of the target is presented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02227677
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