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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Diffusive and segmental dynamics in polymer gel electrolytes (1999)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 111 (1999), S. 11216-11221 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Dynamic light scattering data on a polymer gel electrolyte with a complex relaxation behavior is presented. The electrolyte consists of lithium perchlorate dissolved in an ethylene carbonate and propylene carbonate solution that is immobilized with poly(methyl methacrylate). We attribute the observed relaxation processes to two diffusive and one segmental relaxation processes based on the form of the time decay of the intermediate scattering function and the corresponding temperature and wave vector dependencies. The dynamic light scattering results are compared with the ionic conductivity, which reveals a close connection between the fast diffusive motion of the low molecular weight solvent within the gel and the ionic conductivity. This motion is strongly decoupled from and considerably faster than the segmental motion of the polymer matrix. The results indicate that the ionic transport occurs mainly within the low molecular weight solvent. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.480477
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A 32-channel preamplifier chip for the multiplicity vertex detector at PHENIX (1999)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 70 (1999), S. 1684-1687 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The TGV32, a 32-channel preamplifier–multiplicity discriminator chip for the multiplicity vertex detector (MVD) at PHENIX, is a unique silicon preamplifier in that it provides both an analog output for storage in an analog memory and a weighted summed-current output for conversion to a channel multiplicity count. The architecture and test results of the chip are presented. Details about the design of the preamplifier, discriminator, and programmable digital–analog converters performance as well as the process variations are presented. The chip is fabricated in a 1.2 μm, n-well, complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor process. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1149651
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Elastic strain of freely suspended single-wall carbon nanotube ropes (1999)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 74 (1999), S. 3803-3805 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We have induced large elastic strains in ropes of single-wall carbon nanotubes, using an atomic force microscope in lateral force mode. Freely suspended ropes were observed to deform as elastic strings with tension proportional to elongation. Ropes were elastically deformed over 〉10 cycles without showing signs of plastic deformation. The maximum strain observed, 5.8±0.9%, gives a lower bound of 45±7 GPa for the tensile strength (specifically, yield stress) of single-wall nanotube ropes. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.124185
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amplitude and timing of electromyographic activity during sprinting (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports 6 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0838
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Sports Science
    Notes: The aim of this study was to make descriptive analyses of the muscle activities in the lower extremity during maximal sprinting. Nine healthy sprinters were examined during maximal sprinting using telemetric electromyography (EMG). Seven muscles of the lower extremities were investigated: biceps femoris, medial hamstrings (semimembranosus and semitendinosus), rectus femoris, gluteus maximus, tibialis anterior, lateral gastrocnemius and medial gastrocnemius. The recorded EMG levels during running were expressed as percentage of maximum voluntary isometric contractions (%max EMG). For each muscle, the normalized EMG was plotted during the whole running stride cycle and is presented for each muscle. The reason for using this method is to show that it is possible to compare different muscle activities in a runner as well as to make comparisons between runners. Lateral and medial hamstrings and gluteus maximus showed similar activities with peak levels of EMG during footstrike. Rectus femoris had a two-peak activity, with one peak at the middle of the stance phase and the other during the swing phase. The tibialis anterior also showed a two-peak activity, but with the peaks at the beginning of the swing phase and just before foot-strike. The highest activities of the medial and lateral gastrocnemius occurred just before toe-off.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.1996.tb00064.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Book review (1996)
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 38 (1996), S. S113 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02278135
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Homeobox gene Nkx2.2 and specification of neuronal identity by graded Sonic hedgehog signalling (1999)
    [s.l.] : Macmillan Magazines Ltd.
    Nature 398 (1999), S. 622-627 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] During vertebrate development, the specification of distinct cell types is thought to be controlled by inductive signals acting at different concentration thresholds. The degree of receptor activation in response to these signals is a known determinant of cell fate, but the later steps at which ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/19315
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Delivery outcome after the use of antidepressants in early pregnancy (1999)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 55 (1999), S. 503-508 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Key words Antidepressants ; Pregnancy ; SSRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objectives: To investigate delivery outcome after the use of antidepressants in early pregnancy. Methods: Using an ongoing prospective recording of drug use in early pregnancy, 969 women were identified who reported the use of antidepressants: 531 used only SSRI (selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitor) drugs (mostly citalopram, 375 exposures), 423 used only other antidepressants, and 15 used both. Outcome was compared with all births in the population. Results: Women using these drugs were older and smoked more than three times as often as other women. There seemed to be an excess of high parity women. The frequency of multiple births was lower than expected, resulting from too few twin births in women who had used SSRI. Gestational duration among singletons was shorter but it did not affect infant survival and was similar after the use of SSRI or non-SSRI antidepressants, perhaps the result of uncompensated for confounding or related to the underlying disease. Infants were somewhat heavier than expected, notably after non-SSRI treatment. No increase was seen in congenital abnormalities, observable in the perinatal period. Conclusions: Based on this database, the use of antidepressants in early pregnancy does not seem to carry any significant risk for the infant that is detectable during the newborn period.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002280050664
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evidence for glutamate as a neurotransmitter in spinothalamic tract terminals in the posterior region of owl monkeys (1996)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 108 (1996), S. 33-44 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Immunohistochemistry ; Thalamus ; Glutamate ; Pain ; Monkey
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Previous studies have suggested that glutamate is a neurotransmitter in ascending somatosensory pathways to the thalamus. The present study examined with quantitative immunohistochemical methods the presence of glutamate in spinothalamic tract terminals of owl monkeys (Aotus trivirgatus). Such terminals in the posterior region, in which a nucleus was recently identified as a specific pain and temperature relay in macaques and humans, were labeled by anterograde transport of wheat germ agglutinin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase, injected into the spinal dorsal horn. Glutamate-like immunoreactivity was demonstrated with a postembedding immunogold procedure using a well-characterized glutamate antiserum. Quantitative analysis of the immunogold labeling demonstrated that the spinothalamic tract terminals contained more than twice the tissue average of glutamate-like immunoreactivity. Enrichment of glutamate-like immunoreactivity was also found in terminals of presumed cortical origin. Presynaptic dendrites, cell bodies and non-vesicle-containing dendrites diplayed low levels of glutamate-like immunoreactivity. A strong positive correlation (r=0.69; P〈0.0001) was found between the density of synaptic vesicles and the density of gold particles in spinothalamic tract terminals, in contrast to a weak negative relationship (r= -0.28; P=0.089) present in GABAergic presynaptic dendrites. These data provide strong evidence that the gold labeling in the spinothalamic tract terminals represents transmitter labeling, implying that glutamate is a neurotransmitter for ascending nociceptive and thermoreceptive information in primates.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00242902
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Involvement of the medial geniculate body in prepulse inhibition of acoustic startle (1999)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 141 (1999), S. 189-196 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Key words Acoustic startle response ; Prepulse inhibition ; Sensorimotor gating ; Schizophrenia ; Medial geniculate body ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Prepulse inhibition of acoustic startle is the normal reduction in startle response to an intense auditory stimulus when this stimulus is immediately preceded by a weaker prestimulus. Previous studies have shown that several neuroanatomical structures and pathways in the brain are involved in the modulation of prepulse inhibition. In the present study, the functional importance of the medial geniculate body (MG) in the modulation of prepulse inhibition was investigated. To this end, in vivo brain microdialysis probes were used to infuse drugs locally into the MG of awake, freely moving rats simultaneously with startle response and prepulse inhibition measurements in the same animals. Intrageniculate infusion of the sodium channel blocker, tetrodotoxin, significantly reduced prepulse inhibition without affecting baseline startle amplitude. A similar effect was obtained after intrageniculate infusion of the GABAB receptor agonist, baclofen. In addition, intrageniculate infusion of muscimol, an agonist at the GABAA receptor complex, reduced prepulse inhibition, although this effect was obtained at a higher concentration of the drug compared to that of baclofen. These studies suggest that the MG is involved in the modulation of prepulse inhibition and that auditory signals relayed via the MG may be subjected to inhibitory control at this level, involving GABA neurotransmission.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002130050824
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A method of measuring energy dissipation during crack propagation in polymers with an instrumented ultramicrotome (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 31 (1996), S. 655-662 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract In order to characterize very local energy dissipation during crack propagation in polymers, an ultramicrotome was instrumented to measure the energy dissipated during sectioning. The work to section per unit area, W s, was measured for five different amorphous polymers [polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), polystyerene (PS), polycarbonate (PC) and two epoxy resins] in the glassy state. When the section thickness was varied between 60 and 250 nm, W s varied between 15 and 100 Jm−2, depending on the material and section thickness. The method and the results are compared with other methods used for determining the energy dissipation at a local level as well as at a macroscopic level in polymers. The differences between different polymers were found to be contradictory to macroscopic fracture toughness, G lc, measurements. The material that showed the highest W s had the lowest G lc values reported. Possible mechanisms for energy dissipation during sectioning are also discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00367882
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