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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 44 (1997), S. 207 -213 
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Key words: Bamboo mosaic virus — Satellite RNA — Satellite-encoded protein — Sequence variation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract. Satellite RNA of bamboo mosaic potexvirus (satBaMV) is a linear RNA molecule which encodes a 20-kDa nonstructural protein. Sequences of seven different satBaMV isolates from bamboo hosts in three genera showed 0.7% to 7.5% base variation which spanned the whole RNA molecule. However, the putative 20-kDa open reading frame was all preserved in these isolates. The phylogenetic relationship based on the nucleotide sequence did not show particular grouping of satBaMV from the host in one genus; neither was the grouping of satBaMV evident by location of sampling. Putative secondary structures of the 3′ untranslated regions showed a basic pattern with conserved hexanucleotides (ACCUAA) and polyadenylation signal (AAUAAA) located in the loop regions. Although the satBaMV-encoded 20-kDa protein is a nonstructural protein, its predicted secondary structure contains eight-stranded β-sheets which may form ``jelly-roll'' structure similar to that found in capsid protein encoded by satellite virus of panicum mosaic virus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta mechanica solida Sinica 10 (1997), S. 138-147 
    ISSN: 0894-9166
    Keywords: BPA molecular network model ; finite element formulation ; amorphous glassy circular polymeric bars ; deformation localization development
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The BPA eight-chain molecular network model is introduced into the finite element formulation of elastic-plastic large deformation. And then, the tensile deformation localization development of the amorphous glassy circular polymeric bars (such as polycarbonates) is numerically simulated. The simulated results are compared with experimental ones, and very good consistence between numerical simulation and experiment is obtained, which shows the efficiency of the finite element analysis. Finally, the influences of the microstructure parameterS ss on tensile neck-propagation and triaxial stress effect are studied.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 52 (1997), S. 307-310 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Key words Artemether ; Thai males; malaria ; dihydroartemisinin ; pharmacokinetics ; bioavailability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objective: The pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of artemether and dihydroartemisinin were investigated in eight Thai males following the administration of single oral and intramuscular doses of artemether (300 mg) in a randomized two-way cross-over study. Results: Both oral and intramuscular artemether were well-tolerated. In most cases, artemether and dihydroartemisinin were detected in plasma after 30 min and declined to levels below the limit of detection within 18–24 h. Compared with intramuscular administration, oral administration of artemether resulted in a relatively rapid but incomplete absorption [Cmax: 474 vs 540 ng · ml−1; t max: 2.0 vs 3.9 h; AUC: 2.17 vs 5.20 μg · h · ml−1]. Geographic means of lag-time and absorption half-life (t 1/2a) of oral vs intramuscular artemether were 0.28 and 1.1 h vs 0.30 and 2 h, respectively. t 1/2z was significantly shortened after the oral dose [2.8 vs 6.9 h]. Mean oral bioavailability relative to intramuscular administration was 43.2%. The ratio of the AUCs of artemether to dihydroartemisinin was significantly lower after the oral than after the intramuscular dose (geometric mean: 0.29 vs 0.60).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 14
    ISSN: 1432-2196
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Conclusions Mucosal immune responses are strongly regulated by CD4+ T cells and their derived cytokines. In this regard, IFN-γ−/− mice (i.e., which lack Th1 and have elevated Th2 cells) showed strong mucosal Th2-type responses together with S-IgA production, while IL-4−/− (e.g., dominant Th1 and lack of Th2 cells) mice had impaired mucosal Th2 and IgA responses following oral delivery of TT and CT. However, when rSalmonella or radenovirus were used for antigen delivery, significant levels of mucosal IgA responses were induced in both IFN-γ−/− and IL-4−/− mice. The choice of the antigen delivery system which leads to optimal Th and B cell interactions are important for the induction of effective IgA responses, even in situations where the immune system is compromised. It is clear that Th2-type cytokines are important in mucosal IgA responses; however, other cytokine combinations can compensate for mucosal immunity in situations in which Th2 cell responses are absent. Mucosally induced tolerance may be one approach to prevent several systemic immune disorders; however, the mechanism of this phenomenon still needs to be elucidated. Our recent findings have suggested that IFN-γ may play an important role in induction of systemic unresponsiveness since oral tolerance was not induced in IFN-γ−/− mice. Our studies as well as those of others indicated that at least two phases of a triad of cell interactions are important for the mucosal immune system. First, it has been shown that epithelial cell-produced IL-7 and SCF andαβ T cell-derived IL-2 are essential activation and growth signals for intestinalγδ T cells. Second, our studies with TCRδ knockout mice have suggested that mucosalγδ T cells also play a critical role in the regulation of mucosal IgA responses. Thus, a mucosal internet amongγδ T cells,αβ T cells, and IgA B cells appear critical for mucosal homeostasis and for regulation of specific mucosal immune responses.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 15
    ISSN: 1572-901X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Novel complexes of the type [CuL2]3[Cr(NCS)6]2·xH2O (L = 2,2′-bipyridine (bpy), x = 0; L = o-phenanthroline (phen), x = 1), [Cu(dien)]3[Cr(NCS)6]2·3H2O (dien=diethylenetriamine) or [Ni(phen)2]3[Cr(NCS)6]2· 2H2O have been prepared and studied by elemental analyses, i.r. spectra and magnetic measurements. Some of the complexes have been characterized by temperature-dependent magnetic susceptibilities, and weak antiferromagnetic exchange interaction was found for [Cu-(phen)2]3[Cr(NCS)6]2·H2O and [Ni(phen)2]3[Cr(NCS)6]2· 2H2O. Physico-chemical studies account for the polymeric structure, with thiocyanate bridges between Cu or octahedral Ni and octahedral Cr (chromophore CrN6).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 16
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: Brassica Sar1-like cDNAs ; small GTP-binding protein ; suppression ; yeast Sec12-1 mutant
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Two new members (Bsar1a and Bsar1b) of the Sar1 gene family have been identified from a flower bud cDNA library of Brassica campestris and their functional characteristics were analyzed. The two clones differ from each other at 14 positions of the 193 amino acid residues deduced from their coding region. The amino acid sequences of Bsar1a and Bsar1b are most closely related to the Sar1 family, genes that function early in the process of vesicle budding from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The sequences contain all the conserved motifs of the Ras superfamily (G1–G4 motifs) as well as the distinctive structural feature near the C-terminus that is Sar1 specific. Our phylogenetic analysis confirmed that these two clones can indeed be considered members of the Sar1 family and that they have a close relationship to the ARF family. The Bsar1 proteins, expressed in Escherichia coli, cross-reacted with a polyclonal antibody prepared against Saccharomyces cerevisiae Sar1 protein. It also exhibited GTP-binding activity. Genomic Southern blot analysis, using the 3'-gene-specific regions of the Bsar1 cDNAs as probes, revealed that the two cDNA clones are members of a B. campestris Sar1 family that consists of 2 to 3 genes. RNA blot analysis, using the same gene-specific probes, showed that both genes are expressed with similar patterns in most tissues of the plant, including leaf, stem, root, and flower buds. Furthermore, when we placed the two Bsar1 genes under the control of the yeast pGK1 promoter into the temperature-sensitive mutant yeast strain S. cerevisiae Sec12-1, they suppressed the mutation which consists of a defect in vesicle transport. The amino acid sequence similarity, the GTP-binding activity, and the functional suppression of the yeast mutation suggest that the Bsar1 proteins are functional homologues of the Sar1 protein in S. cerevisiae and that they may perform similar biological functions.
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Sozial- und Präventivmedizin 42 (1997), S. 351-357 
    ISSN: 1420-911X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Verkehrsunfallmorbidität und mortalität in Bangkok Metropolis (Thailand) ist hoch mit zunehmendem zeitlichen Trend und stellt daher eines der grössten Probleme im öffentlichen Gesundheitswesen von Thailand dar. Es wurde eine ungepaarte Fallkontrollstudie mit 350 Fällen und 350 Kontrollpatienten zur Bewertung der folgenden Risikofaktoren durchgeführt: die demographischen Risikofaktoren Alter, ehelicher Status, Geschlecht, Beruf; die mit dem Führen eines Fahrzeugs verknüpften Expositionen wie Fahrzeugtyp, Zeit hinter dem Lenkrad pro Tag und die Anzahl der Verkehrsunfälle in den letzten drei Jahren; die Risikofaktoren im Verhaltensbereich einer Stunde vor Fahrantritt wie Alkoholkonsum und grosse Nahrungsaufnahme 1 Stunde vor Fahrantritt. Die relativen Risiken für einen Verkehrsunfall stellten sich als nicht signifikant für die Faktoren der Einnahme eines Beruhigungsmittels bzw. einer allergenen Behandlung heraus. Die Ergebnisse der Studie sind konsistent mit dem momentanen Stand der Verkehrsunfallforschung und weisen auf Zielgruppen für potentielle Präventionsprogramme in der Verkehrsunfall-prävention.
    Abstract: Résumé La morbidité et la mortalité en relation avec des accidents de la circulation sont à Bangkok Metropolis (Thailande) trés élevés, de tendance ascendante, et représentent en conséquence un gros problème pour la santé publique en ce pays. L'étude par cas-témoins non-accouplés avec 350 cas et 350 patients-témoins a déterminé les facteurs de risque suivants; sous l'aspect démographique d'abord: l'âge, l'état civile, le sexe, la profession; puis les expositions inhérentes à la conduite d'un véhicule ainsi que le type de véhicule, le temps journalier passé derrière le volant; enfin les facteurs de risque dans le domaine du comportement une heure avant l'utilisation du véhicule comme la consommation de boisson alcooliques ou la consommation copieuse de nourriture. Le risque relatif d'accident de circulation n'était pas significativement augmenté pour les tranquillisants ou les médicaments antiallergiques. Les résultats d l'étude sont en accord avec les données actuelles de la recherche sur les accidents et indiquent quels sont les groupes particuliers auxquels devraient s'adresser les programmes de prévention des accidents.
    Notes: Summary Morbidity and mortality from road traffic accidents in Bangkok metropolis is high with a trend strictly increasing in time, thus establishing one of the major public health problems and targets of the Kingdom of Thailand. An unmatched case-control study was undertaken to evaluate various risk patterns connected with the occurrence of traffic accidents. 350 cases were sampled from five major hospitals distributed over the Bangkok Metropolitan area and 350 controls were included from outpatients of Rajawithi hospital. The major interest in this case-control analysis is to estimate relative risk (through odds ratio) and measure statistical significance of association between road traffic accident and the following risk factors: the demographic risk factors are age (age between 15 and 19 years has odds ratio of 8.25 [1.01, 67.72]; age above 40 is baseline), marital status (single has odds ratio of 2.74 [1.26, 5.95]; baseline is not-single), sex (males have an odds ratio of 2.05 [0.51, 8.24], occupation (salespersons have an odds ratio of 4.27 [1.47, 12.46]; baseline are office workers); the driving related exposure factors type of vehicle (motorbykers have an odds ratio of 6.22 [2.82, 13.78]; baseline are other vehicle drivers), driving time per day (odds ratio 1.35 [0.88, 2.09]) and the number of accidents in the last three years (odds ratio of 4.36 [2.51, 7.58]); the behavioral factors one hour before driving such as the consumption of alcohol (odds ratio 3.01 [1.53, 5.94]; baseline is no alcohol) and the consumption of a lot of food (odds ratio of 0.07 [0.03, 0.16]; baseline is not eating a lot before driving). The odds ratios for traffic accident when being under allergic medication and the consumption of tranquilizer were not significant. The results are consistent with current results in traffic accident research and point to target groups for potential prevention programmes in traffic accident prevention.
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta mechanica 121 (1997), S. 237-237 
    ISSN: 1619-6937
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 19
    ISSN: 1573-8477
    Keywords: adaptive dynamics ; evolutionarily singular strategy ; evolutionary branching ; evolutionary modelling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We present a general framework for modelling adaptive trait dynamics in which we integrate various concepts and techniques from modern ESS-theory. The concept of evolutionarily singular strategies is introduced as a generalization of the ESS-concept. We give a full classification of the singular strategies in terms of ESS-stability, convergence stability, the ability of the singular strategy to invade other populations if initially rare itself, and the possibility of protected dimorphisms occurring within the singular strategy's neighbourhood. Of particular interest is a type of singular strategy that is an evolutionary attractor from a great distance, but once in its neighbourhood a population becomes dimorphic and undergoes disruptive selection leading to evolutionary branching. Modelling the adaptive growth and branching of the evolutionary tree can thus be considered as a major application of the framework. A haploid version of Levene's ‘soft selection’ model is developed as a specific example to demonstrate evolutionary dynamics and branching in monomorphic and polymorphic populations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental and applied acarology 21 (1997), S. 273-277 
    ISSN: 1572-9702
    Keywords: Acari ; Phytoseiidae ; sampling ; leaf-washing apparatus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Boller's funnel and sieve apparatus for extracting phytoseiid mites (Acari: Phytoseiidae) from leaves was modified. The modification consisted of including a reservoir dish enabling the placing of the whole sample of leaves into the apparatus, attaching a collecting chamber, simplification of the fixing of the fine lower sieve and adding an upper fine sieve. This modification enables the rapid processing of samples of up to 150 leaves.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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