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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Status of the CO2 laser ion source at CERN : The 8th international conference on ion sources (2000)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 71 (2000), S. 924-926 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A laser ion source using a CO2 laser focused onto a solid target is under study at CERN for the production of high currents of highly charged heavy ions, for possible use in the preinjector for the large hadron collider. A new expansion and extraction layout was installed in this test facility, improving the alignment and making the target to extraction distance more flexible. A two solenoid beam transport system was studied for providing the matching of the beam to a radio-frequency quadrupole. An electrostatic beam transport using gridded electrostatic lenses was designed and constructed as an alternative to a magnetic system. Results show an increased overall current transmission for the electrostatic case. Investigation of the laser parameters required for the production of 1.4×1010 Pb25+ ions in a 5 μs pulse, has been performed using the TIR-1 laser facility at power densities up to 1014 W cm−2 for a focal spot size of 65 μm. The results of the latest scaling are presented. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1150347
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Studies on natural recovery from alcohol dependence: sample selection bias by media solicitation? (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Carfax Publishing, Taylor & Francis Ltd
    Addiction 95 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1360-0443
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract Aims. To assess the selection bias of recruiting participants in studies on natural recovery from alcohol dependence through media solicitation. Design. Two samples with different recruitment strategies are compared. Setting. Media solicitation and general population. Participants. Sample 1 consists of 176 alcohol-dependent individuals remitted without formal help and recruited through media solicatation, sample 2 consists of 32 natural remitters derived from a representative general population study with a sample size of 4075 respondents and a response rate of 70.2%. Measurements. Several triggering mechanisms and maintenance factors of remission were assessed in a personal interview using standardized questionnaires. Findings. Results of logistic regression analyses show that media-solicited subjects were more often abstinent in the last 12 months, were more severely dependent, were less satisfied with eight life domains prior to remission and showed higher scores in a coping behaviour measure. Besides these major differences from the multivariate analysis, media subjects revealed more health problems prior to remission, experienced more social pressure to change drinking behaviour, and showed differences in reasons for not seeking help. Conclusions. Media solicitation leads to a sample selection bias in research on natural recovery from alcohol dependence. When measures to foster self-change are derived from such studies, findings from representative samples have to be considered.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1360-0443.2000.95576512.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Significance of saliva for the denture-wearing population (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Gerodontology 17 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1741-2358
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: This paper summarises a series of studies already published in German and presents new data related to the aetiology of the dry mouth' and its associated problems.Aims: to study factors affecting mucous and serous salivary gland secretion, the aetiology of the ‘dry mouth’ and its associated problems, causative factors for hyposalivation and it's treatment Setting: two university dental hospitals.Subjects: 587 denture wearers and 521 control subjects, and autopsy material Interventions: exercise, chewing, water, oestrogen, pilocarpine, and anetholtrithion theiapy, biopsy of the minor glands Main outcome measures: Palatal secretion (PAL, μL/cm2/min) and parotid salivary flow (PAR), subjective complaints and clinical findings.Results: resting flow rates for PAL between 0 and 65 μl/cm2/min were seen in every age group. The flow rates of PAR (0 to 3.7 ml/10 min) were not correlated with PAL. Most patients with a resting flow rate of PAL≤6.0 μl/cm2 suffer from a ‘dry mouth’ and Burning Mouth Syndrome (BMS) or oral dysaesthesia (OD) with or without chronic lesions of the oral mucosa. Etiological factors for the incidence of reduced PAL and associated problems include xerostomic drugs, oestrogen deficiency, ladiotherapy, thyroid dysfunction, smoking or continuous wearing of complete upper dentures. PAL also correlated with the retention of upper complete dentures. PAL was correlated with the water content of epithelial tissues. PAL and PAR were both increased by drinking ample fluid, improving their circulation by physical exercises, chewing intensively, or taking oestrogens, pilocarpine, anetholtrithion.Conclusions: Variation in palatal salivary secretion occurs and is clinically important.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-2358.2000.00104.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mandibular pseudocarcinomatous hyperplasia (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Histopathology 37 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2559
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Aims: Three unusual cases of pseudocarcinomatous (pseudoepitheliomatous) hyperplasia (PH) affecting chronic osteomyelitic mandibular sequestra are reported to highlight the differences with the various squamous neoplasms which occur in that site. Methods and results: In two patients carrying a mandibular graft following the excision of an ameloblastoma, mucosal ulcers resulted in chronic osteomyelitis. In a third patient, an apical dental infection was associated with fistulated osteomyelitis. Histology of the three sequestra showed an intraosseous squamous proliferation. It was characterized by a peripheral involvement of medullary spaces, the more mature epithelial layer covering the bone trabeculae without intervening stroma, and the basal type epithelial layer surrounding a central fibrovascular core. There were no histological or cytological signs of malignancy. Conclusions: PH shows an inverted pattern when compared with the centro-medullary tumoural islands seen in the various oral or odontogenic squamous neoplasms which occur in the jaws. The lack of signs of malignancy distinguish PH from common squamous cell carcinomas. A short clinical course is an important feature in the distinction of PH from the well differentiated squamous cell carcinomas which may develop in fistulated chronic osteomyelitis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2559.2000.00949.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Lebenszeitprävalenz psychischer Störungen in der erwachsenen Allgemeinbevölkerung Ergebnisse der TACOS-Studie (2000)
    Springer
    Der Nervenarzt 71 (2000), S. 535-542 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-0407
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Psychische Störungen ; Epidemiologie ; Erwachsene Allgemeinbevölkerung ; Prävalenz ; Standardisierte Diagnostik ; Key words Psychiatric disorders ; Epidemiology ; Adult general population ; Prevalence ; Standardized diagnostic
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract The present paper reports lifetime prevalence rates of mental disorders in the 18- to 64-year-old general population of a northern German region. A representative random sample from registration office files of 4,075 individuals was examined in personal interviews using the fully standardized and computerised “Munich Composite International Diagnostic Interview” (M-CIDI). The response rate was 70.2%. Individuals were classified according to the DSM-IV. Substance use disorders were most frequent with 25.8% followed by anxiety (15.1%), somatoform (12.9%), affective (12.3%), and eating disorders (0.7%). Disorders other than substance use were more frequent in women and less frequent in men. A trend toward less psychiatric morbidity exists in individuals with higher educational level, higher income, and those who are married or reside in rural communities. Of all individuals affected by mental disorders, 42% fulfilled the criteria for at least one additional disorder. The results are discussed against the background of selected previous studies.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Im vorliegenden Beitrag werden Ergebnisse zur Lebenszeitprävalenz psychischer Störungen in der 18- bis 64-jährigen Allgemeinbevölkerung einer norddeutschen Region berichtet. 4.075 Personen einer zu 70,2% ausgeschöpften repräsentativen Einwohnermeldeamtsstichprobe wurden mit dem vollstandardisierten und computerisierten “Münchener Composite International Diagnostic Interview” (M-CIDI) in persönlichen Interviews untersucht. Die hier berichtete Klassifikation erfolgte auf Grundlage des DSM-IV. Störungen durch den Konsum psychotroper Substanzen stellten mit einer Lebenszeitprävalenz von 25,8% die häufigste Diagnosengruppe dar, gefolgt von Angststörungen (15,1%), somatoformen Störungen (12,9%), affektiven Störungen (12,3%) und Essstörungen (0,7%). Frauen waren dabei häufiger von nicht-substanzbezogenen psychischen Störungen betroffen und Männer häufiger von Substanzmissbrauch und -abhängigkeit. Es zeigt sich ein Trend zu geringerer psychiatrischer Morbidität bei Individuen mit höherer Schulbildung, höherem Einkommen, verheirateten Personen und Personen mit ländlichem Wohnsitz. 42% der Probanden mit einer Lebenszeitdiagnose erfüllten die Kriterien mindestens einer weiteren Störung. Die Ergebnisse werden im Kontext ausgewählter bisheriger Studien diskutiert.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001150050623
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Prevalence of alcohol consumption, abuse and dependence in a country with high per capita consumption: findings from the German TACOS study (2000)
    Springer
    Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology 35 (2000), S. 539-547 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-9285
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract   Background: The aim of the Transitions in Alcohol Consumption and Smoking (TACOS) project is to investigate substance use and use disorders in the adult general population in a region of the under-researched north of Germany, focussing on smoking and alcohol consumption. In this study, the design and quality assurance provisions of the baseline cross-section of the longitudinal project are described. Prevalence rates of alcohol use disorders, consumption pattern, and the nature of their association are also analysed with regard to preventive strategies. Method: A random sample of 4075 participants, aged 18 to 64 and drawn from residents registration office files, was interviewed with a DSM-IV adapted version of WHO CIDI. Fieldwork resulted in a response rate of 70.2% and an unbiased database with regard to demographic characteristics. Results: Low lifetime prevalence of alcohol use disorders (4.5% abuse, 3.8% dependence) and hazardous consumption (13.2% lifetime; 6.0% 12-month) was found compared to southern regions of Germany and US American data. In contrast, we found a comparatively high percentage of moderate alcohol uses. Male subjects are more affected by lifetime alcohol use disorders (abuse OR 8.3, 95% CI 5.3–13.2; dependence OR 4.3, 95% CI 2.8–6.4). The association between alcohol use disorders and alcohol consumption pattern revealed a weaker relation for alcohol abuse compared to dependence. Conclusion: National and regional drinking habits and norms have to be considered as a significant source of variance, supporting the need for European epidemiological research on substance use in addition to US American activities, and emphasising the advantages of community-based preventive measures. An evaluation of public recommendations for safe limits of alcohol consumption and prevention targets referring to average consumption is indicated. There is also a need for a clear distinction between alcohol abuse and dependence.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001270050277
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Feeding ecology and emergence production of annual cicadas (Homoptera: Cicadidae) in tallgrass prairie (2000)
    Springer
    Oecologia 123 (2000), S. 535-542 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Key words Insect emergence ; Grassland ; Nutrient flux ; Resource partitioning ; Stable isotopes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  The emergence phenology and feeding ecology of annual cicadas in tallgrass prairie are poorly documented. However, these large insects are abundant, and their annual emergence represents a potentially important flux of energy and nutrients from belowground to aboveground. We conducted a study at Konza Prairie Research Natural Area in eastern Kansas to characterize and quantify cicada emergence and associated energy and nutrient fluxes. We established emergence trap transects in three habitat types (upland prairie, lowland prairie, and riparian forest), and collected cicadas every 3 days from May to September. A subset of trapped cicadas was used for species- and sex-specific mass, nutrient, and stable isotope analyses. Five species were trapped during the study, of which three were dominant. Cicadetta calliope and Tibicen aurifera exhibited significantly higher emergence production in upland prairie than in lowland prairie, and were not captured in forested sites at all. T. dorsata emerged from all three habitat types, and though not significant, showed a trend of greater abundance in lowland grasslands. Two less abundant species, T. pruinosa and T. lyricen, emerged exclusively from forested habitats. Nitrogen fluxes associated with total cicada emergence were estimated to be ∼4 kg N ha–1 year–1 in both grassland habitats, and 1.01 kg N ha–1 year–1 in forested sites. Results of stable isotope analyses showed clear patterns of resource partitioning among dominant cicada species emerging from grassland sites. T. aurifera and C. calliope had δ13C and δ15N signatures indicative of feeding on shallowly rooted C4 plants such as the warm-season grasses dominant in tallgrass prairie ecosystems, whereas T. dorsata signatures suggested preferential feeding on more deeply rooted C3 plants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004420000335
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Laparoscopic antireflux surgery: comparative study of Nissen, Nissen-Rossetti, and Toupet fundoplication (2000)
    Springer
    Surgical endoscopy and other interventional techniques 14 (2000), S. 1024 -1027 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2218
    Keywords: Key words: Fundoplication — Gastroesophageal reflux disease — Laparoscopy — Nissen — Nissen-Rossetti — Toupet
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Background: The aim of this retrospective study was to compare the results of Nissen, Nissen-Rossetti, and Toupet laparoscopic fundoplication in terms of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Methods: From 1992 to 1996, 1,470 laparoscopic fundoplications were performed using one of three procedures: Nissen (n= 655), Nissen-Rossetti (n= 423), and Toupet (n= 392). Preoperative checkup included esophagogastroduodenoscopy in 1,437 patients (97.7%), esophageal manometry in 934 patients (63.5%), and 24-h pH-metry in 799 patients (54.3%). The results were estimated at 1 month, 3 months, and 2 years. Patients unable to visit the hospital center were contacted by telephone. Results: The three groups were quite similar regarding demographic data such as age, gender, preoperative clinical symptoms, and duration of GERD. One death (0.07%) occurred. At 3 months, there were no differences among the three groups concerning conversion, morbidity, dysphagia, early reintervention, or postoperative length of stay. The length of surgery was more important in the Toupet procedure. In the Nissen group, there were fewer Visick grade I patients but more Visick grade III patients. At 2 years, the recurrence and reintervention rates were similar. The overall residual severe dysphagia rate was 0.35% (n= 5). In the Nissen group, there were fewer Visick grade I patients but more in Visick grade II patients. There was no difference in Visick grade III and IV among the groups. More than 90% of the patients were satisfied (Visick I + Visick II), with no significant difference among the three groups. Conclusions: The results of this study do not differ significantly from the data reported in the literature, suggesting such surgical techniques are effective and well tolerated, and that both can be properly used in the treatment of GERD.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004640000248
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