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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 73 (1993), S. 8531-8535 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The Stanford Linear Accelerator Center is currently operating with a photocathode electron gun (PEG) to produce polarized electrons for its experimental program. Bunch intensities of up to 1011 electrons within 2 ns (8 A) are required from the electron gun. Operation of PEG has demonstrated a charge limit phenomenon, whereby the charge that can be extracted from the gun with an intense laser beam saturates at significantly less than 1011 electrons (the expected space-charge-limited charge) when the photocathode quantum efficiency is low. Studies of this charge limit phenomenon observed with a GaAs photocathode are reported.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 73 (1998), S. 3662-3664 
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We have investigated the MeV bremsstrahlung which is emitted when fast electrons generated by the interaction of 200 mJ, 130 fs Ti:sapphire laser pulses with a preformed plasma penetrate into a solid target. Employing different targets the dependence of the γ-ray spectrum on the atomic number was studied. We detected single γ photons with an energy up to 2.5 MeV and found a maximum conversion efficiency of the laser energy into MeV bremsstrahlung of 4×10−6. Data analysis using a Monte Carlo code revealed a fast-electron temperature of 0.9 MeV.© 1998 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant breeding 124 (2005), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1439-0523
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Apple is a temperate fruit species with several breeding disadvantages such as the highly heterozygous nature of the genome and a long reproductive cycle. It is expected that homozygous apple genotypes can increase breeding efficiency, but inbreeding is prevented by the gametophytic self-incompatibility mechanism. In this paper, the production and characterization of homozygous genotypes, generated from anther culture in Malus × domestica cv. ‘Braeburn’, is described as well as their potential for use in breeding programmes. After determination of large scale anther culture efficiency, anther culture-derived genotypes were simple sequence repeat (SSR)-fingerprinted to determine their homozygous nature and confirm their androgenic origin. Their value for breeding was estimated based on growth and fertility measurements. The use of homozygous androgenic genotypes from ‘Braeburn’ in apple breeding programmes is currently not a realistic approach, partly because of the low efficiency of anther culture, but mainly because of the reduced vigour and severe sterility of the androgenic genotypes produced.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.55.Lt ; 42.60Jf ; 52.80.Mg
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract In this paper, the design procedure and the performance of the single beam Asterix IV high-power iodine laser emitting at λ = 1315 nm is described. It has been developed on the basis of a 10-years experience with the 1 TW Asterix III laser-system and with the support of a 1-D and a 3-D pulse propagation code. Special emphasis has been put on achieving a high overall system efficiency and a beam intensity profile as homogeneous as possible. Presently, Asterix IV provides output pulses with durations from 0.2 to several ns. At a duration of 0.4 ns, the pulse power is 3 TW and at a duration of 5 ns the pulse energy reaches 2.1 kJ. Under these conditions, the laser can be fired every twenty minutes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Czechoslovak journal of physics 41 (1991), S. 272-276 
    ISSN: 1572-9486
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract After a description of the design and layout of the 2 kJ/5 TW single beam Asterix IV iodine laser the steps necessary for obtaining a laser beam intensity profile as homogeneous as possible are reported. These steps are: providing a homogeneous inversion density profile in the amplifiers by an appropriate flashlamp-reflector geometry and by compensating the edge enhancement caused by the image relaying system by suitable soft apertures. The paper concludes with a description of the results obtained by the laser system with the end-amplifier not in operation. The full system will become operational at the end of 1990.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words S-allele-specific PCR ; Haploid induction ; Homozygocity ; Malus domestica ; Self-incompatibility
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  To obtain homozygous genotypes of apple, we have induced haploid development of either the female or the male gametes by parthenogenesis in situ and anther culture, respectively. Of the shoots obtained, which were mainly of a non-haploid nature, some could be derived from fertilised egg cells or from sporophytic anther tissue. In order to select the shoots having a true haploid origin, and thus homozygotes, we decided to use the single multi-allelic self-incompatibility gene as a molecular marker to discriminate homozygous from heterozygous individuals. The rationale behind this approach was that diploid apple cultivars contain 2 different alleles of the S-gene and therefore the haploid induced shoots obtained from them should have only one of the alleles of the single parent. The parental cultivars used were ‘Idared’ (parthenogenesis in situ) and ‘Braeburn’ (androgenesis), and their S-genotypes were known, except for 1 of the ‘Braeburn’S-alleles. To stimulate parthenogenetic development ‘Idared’ styles were pollinated with irradiated ‘Baskatong’ pollen, the S-alleles of the latter (2n) cultivar were also unknown. The cloning and sequence analysis of these 3 unidentified S-alleles, 1 from ‘Braeburn’ and 2 from ‘Baskatong’ is described, and we show that they correspond to the S 24 -, S 26 - and S 27 -alleles. We have optimised a method for analysis of the S-alleles of ‘Idared/Baskatong’- or ‘Braeburn’-derived in vitro plant tissues and have shown that this approach can be applied for the screening of the in vitro shoots for their haploid origin.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1434-6079
    Keywords: 82.50.−m
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The small absorption is a major problem in isotopically selective IR multiphoton dissociation. Usually the radiation diverges before it is fully absorbed. To solve this problem, we have demonstrated the application of a refocusing (Herriott) multipass cell. It can generally help in laser isotope separation to use the photons more efficiently. Employing such a cell and a Q-switched CO2 laser at high repetition rate, the dissociation yield of CHCIF2 was 23 times higher than in a single pass. The number of passes used (up to 60) was more than is conventionally possible in such small cells. The increased number was permitted by making use of spherical aberration. With 18 passes, we also measured the multiphoton absorption for various wavelengths and pressures, in part separately for12CHCIF2 and13CHCIF2, and also for two-wavelength irradiation. Appropriate change of pressure or wavelength increased the absorption. But the corresponding increase of the dissociation was larger in every case. To explain this and other observations, we invoke the molecular distribution over the energy levels.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 601 (1991), S. 83-92 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Bismuth triiodide ; decomposition equilibrium ; transport equilibrium ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Investigations on the Decomposition Equilibrium BiI3 ⇌ BiI + I2 and Transport Equilibrium 2Bi + BiI3 ⇌ 3BiIWe determined the decomposition equilibrium (1) and the transport equilibrium (2) by a membranezeromanometer and by CTR experiments. The enthalpy of formation for BiI was concluded from the equilibrium constants. With the standard entropy \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ {\rm S}^{\rm 0} ({\rm BiI, g, 298}) = 65.8 \pm 0.2\,{\rm cal/K} \cdot {\rm mol} $$\end{document} follow the values \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ \Delta {\rm H}_{\rm f}^0 ({\rm BiI, g, 298}) = 20.1 \pm 4\,{\rm kcal/mol} $$\end{document} from the first, and \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ \Delta {\rm H}_{\rm f}^0({\rm BiI, g, 298}) = 22.0 \pm 2\,{\rm kcal/mol} $$\end{document} from the second equation, by both methods.
    Notes: Das Zersetzungsgleichgewicht BiIl3, g = BiI, g + I2, g (1) und das Transportgleichgewicht 2Bi, fl + BiI3, g = 3BiI, g (2) wurden im Membrannullmanometer gemessen und letzteres auch durch chemische Transportreaktionen ermittelt. Aus den Gleichgewichtskonstanten wurde die Bildungsenthalpie des BiI, g hergeleitet. Man erhält mit der Standardentropie \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ {\rm S}^{\rm 0} ({\rm BiI, g, 298}) = 65,8 \pm 0,2\,{\rm cal/K} \cdot {\rm mol} $$\end{document} aus ersterem Gleichgewicht \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ \Delta {\rm H}_{\rm B}^0 ({\rm BiI, g, 298}) = 20,1 \pm 4\,{\rm kcal/mol,} $$\end{document} und aus letzterem nach beiden Herleitungen \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ \Delta {\rm H}_{\rm B}^0 = 22,0 \pm 2\,{\rm kcal/mol}{\rm .} $$\end{document}.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 593 (1991), S. 200-206 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: BiI3—HgI2 system ; BiI3—I2 system ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Investigations on the Barogram and Melting Diagram of the Systems BiI3—HgI2 and BiI3—I2The barograms of the systems BiI3—HgI2 and BiI3—I2 are determined by total pressure measurements in a membrane manometer. The melting diagrams follow from DTA measurements and the barogram. Both systems are eutectic with eutectica at 1.5 mol% BiI3 and 110°C for BiI3—I2 and 9 mol% BiI3 and 243°C for BiI3—HgI2.
    Notes: Die Zustandsbarogramme der Systeme BiI3—HgI2 und BiI3—I2 wurden durch Druckmessungen im Membrannullmanometer ermittelt. Die Schmelzdiagramme wurden aus DTA-Messungen und den Barogrammen aufgestellt. Beide Systeme sind einfach eutektisch mit Eutektika bei 1,5 Mol-% BiI3 und 110°C für BiI3—I2 und 9 Mol-% BiI3 und 243°C für BiI3—HgI2.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 11 (1991), S. 359-365 
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: WHATMAN 1 CHR filter paper manufactured from macerated cotton fibers was shown to be a soft substrate when broken down by purified cellulases of Trichoderma reesei (CELLUCLAST). Destruction of filter-paper disks was induced by CBH I/1, CBH I/2, CBH II/1, CBH II/2, and EG I in a macroscopic assay. Attack on disks by mixtures of these cellulases (CBH I/1 or CBH I/2 mixed with CBH II/1, CBH II/2, or with EGJ) were followed by synergistically enhanced destructions.SCHLEICHER &SCHUELL filter paper No 595 was shown to be a harder substrate of enzymatical decomposition when induced by cellulases of CELLUCLAST. None of the cellulases could induce macroscopic destruction of filter-paper disks when acting in isolation. However, mixtures of isolated exo and endo-glucanases (CBH I/1 or CBH I/2 mixed with CBH II/1, CBH II/2, or EG I) caused powerful destruction of filter-paper disks.SCHLEICHER &SCHUELL filter paper No 595 incubated first with an endo-glucanase (CBH II/1, CBH II/2, EG I) and treated in a secondary incubation with an exo-glucanase (CBH I/1, CBH I/2) were destroyed to a greater extent than with incubations executed in the reverse order. Results confirm the endo exo concept of explaining cellulose decomposition.The filter-paper destruction assay was performed with filter-paper disks prepared with an office punch. Disks were incubated in 1 ml EPPENDORF reaction tubes filled up beforehand with 0.4 or 0.5 ml of enzyme solution. The degree of synergism of cellulases resulted from the assay in the range of 300 to 1 300 p.c.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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