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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Lebensmittelassoziierte Virusinfektionen (2000)
    Springer
    Bundesgesundheitsblatt, Gesundheitsforschung, Gesundheitsschutz 43 (2000), S. 770-776 
    Details
    ISSN: 1437-1588
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Gastroenteritisviren ; Hepatitis-A-Virus ; Hepatitis-E-Virus ; infektiöse Diarrhö ; lebensmittelübertragende Viren ; Norwalk/Norwalk-like Viren ; Rotavirus ; Virusübertragung ; Keywords Gastroenteritis viruses ; Hepatitis A virus ; Hepatitis E virus ; Infectious diarrhoea ; Foodborne viruses ; Norwalk/Norwalk-like viruses ; Rotavirus ; Virus transmission
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Until the 1970s, diagnostic methods for infectious diarrhoea were limited to bacteria and parasites, and the causative agent could be identified only in a few cases. But the causes of major foodborne diseases include bacteria, parasites and viruses as well. Unlike bacteria, viruses cannot multiply outside of their specific host. They remain infectious especially in conditions, such as refrigeration, designed to maintain good food quality. Viruses transmitted via food include the hepatitis-inducing viruses A and E, the gastroenteritis viruses e. g. Norwalk and Norwalk-like viruses, Rota- and Astrovirus, Adenovirus and some of the Enteroviruses. Foodborne viruses are transmitted enterically. They are shed by faeces or during vomiting and infect by being ingested (faecal-oral, aerogene-oral). Due to the very high infectivity most of the outbreaks were reported for institutional settings like schools, children's day-care and geriatric facilities and hospitals. Proper conditions of hygiene, and exclusion of sick persons from handling food are important preventive measures to avoid faecal contamination of food.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Bis in die 70er Jahre war die Diagnostik von infektiösen Diarrhöen auf den Nachweis von Bakterien und Parasiten beschränkt, und auslösende Erreger konnten nur in einigen Fällen ermittelt werden. Verbesserte Nachweismethoden zeigten, dass Lebensmittelinfektionen neben Bakterien und Parasiten zu einem großen Teil durch virale Erreger hervorgerufen werden können. Im Gegensatz zu den Bakterien können sich Viren nicht außerhalb eines lebenden Wirtes vermehren, bleiben aber besonders unter gekühlter Lagerhaltung lange Zeit infektiös. Zu den Lebensmittel-übertragbaren Viren gehören das Hepatitis A- und E-Virus, Gastroenteritisviren wie die Norwalk/Norwalk-like, Rota- und Astroviren, aber auch Adenoviren sowie einige Enteroviren. Ihre Verbreitung erfolgt auf fäkal-oralem bzw. aerogen-oralem Weg. Aufgrund ihrer hohen Infektiosität kann es besonders in Gemeinschaftseinrichtungen wie Schulen, Kindertagesstätten, in Alten- und Pflegeheimen sowie in Krankenhäusern zu Massenausbrüchen kommen. Um eine fäkale Verunreinigung von Lebensmitteln zu vermeiden, ist die exakte Einhaltung von Hygienevorschriften und der Ausschluss von erkrankten Personen von der Lebensmittelbereitung besonders wichtig.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001030050354
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Differentiation of vaccine and wild-type polioviruses using polymerase chain reaction and restriction enzyme analysis (1994)
    Springer
    Archives of virology 134 (1994), S. 39-50 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-8798
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Genomic amplification followed by selective digestion of restriction enzymes was used to differentiate polioviruses. The method was based on conserved and variable components of the 5′-noncoding region. The differences between Sabin vaccine and wild-type viruses made it possible to identify rapidly an isolated poliovirus as vaccine-related or wild-type virus. A total of 60 isolates and strains were tested and all of them were correctly identified. This method is recommended as a sensitive, specific and rapid way to differentiate polioviruses in clinical isolates and environmental samples.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01379105
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genetic variability within the VP1 coding region of echovirus type 30 isolates (2000)
    Springer
    Archives of virology 145 (2000), S. 1455-1464 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-8798
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary.  Genetic relationships of the prototype Bastianni strain of 1958 and of 13 echovirus type 30 (ECV30) isolates associated with meningitis cases in Germany during a period from 1966 to 1997 were investigated using direct sequencing of amplicons derived from a part of the capsid protein VP1 gene. Sequences were aligned both with each other and with known sequences of other type 30 echovirus strains. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that isolates investigated in this work fell into at least three genetic clusters apart from the prototype Bastianni strain. This suggests that genetically distinct groups of ECV30 variants have developed over time.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s007050070102
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sequence variability in the env-coding region of hepatitis C virus isolated from patients infected during a single source outbreak (1994)
    Springer
    Archives of virology 137 (1994), S. 25-34 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-8798
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The variability of the hepatitis C virus genome was investigated in a group of German patients who developed chronic hepatitis C after parenteral administration of contaminated immunoglobulin to prevent Rh sensitization after pregnancy. The nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequence alterations of the E1 and the first hypervariable region of the E2 gene of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) genome from sera of two randomly selected patients were studied by comparison of HCV sequences obtained from the original inoculum (anti Rh immunoglobulin) and from patient sera collected in 1979 and 1989. All isolates were classified as subtype 1b but showed nucleotide insertions of up to 12 nucleotides at the cleavage site of E1/E2. Microheterogeneity of HCV genomes was found in the immunoglobulin supporting the quasispecies model of HCV distribution. Remarkable nucleotide exchanges over the 10 year period in the E1 region (0.9−5.2×10−3 base substitutions per genome site per year) and especially in the first hypervariable region of the E2 gene (about 1.5×10−2) occurred. The HCV genome undergoes a selection of variants, though it is not known if this derives from mutation or selection of pre-existing rare variants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01311170
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Molecular characterization of mumps virus strains circulating during an epidemic in Eastern Switzerland 1992/93 (1994)
    Springer
    Archives of virology 136 (1994), S. 433-438 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-8798
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Ten mumps virus isolates recovered during an epidemic in Switzerland between Autumn 1992 and Spring 1993 were compared by nucleotide sequence analysis of the SH gene. The isolates were found to belong to two distinct yet closely related wild type strains in a newly identified European mumps virus lineage.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01321072
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Molecular epidemiology of outbreaks of gastroenteritis associated with small round structured viruses in Germany in 1997/98 (2000)
    Springer
    Archives of virology 145 (2000), S. 443-453 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-8798
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary.  The molecular epidemiology of small round structured viruses (SRSVs) in Germany was studied using fecal specimens from 16 SRSV-associated gastroenteritis outbreaks in different parts of Germany during 1997/1998 by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and by sequencing of the ORF1 and ORF3 amplicons. The majority of the isolates clustered in one subtype and were closely related to published SRSV sequences of genogroup II.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s007050050038
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype distribution in German isolates: studies on the sequence variability in the E2 and NS5 region (1994)
    Springer
    Archives of virology 139 (1994), S. 379-388 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-8798
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary We report on molecular characterization of hepatitis C virus (HCV) isolates in intravenous drug abusers, as compared to non-drug using patients with posttransfusion hepatitis or sporadic hepatitis of unknown origin. Virus typing was performed by RFLP analysis of PCR products in the 5′ NCR. Subtyping was done by hybridization with subtype specific probes or by sequencing in the NS4 and NS5 region, respectively. HCV subtype 1b was found most commonly among all the isolates. However, the subtype 3a had a high prevalence (about 46%) in the group of drug addicts. In these subtype 3a isolates the N-terminal part of the E2 protein was highly variable. This confirms the presence of a hypervariable region (HVR1) in this envelope protein found in all hepatitis C viruses. Each subtype 3a isolate examined had a characteristic unique hypervariable region in the E2 protein. It is noteworthy that there are four amino acids in this region which were highly conserved between all HCV sequences published. It can be assumed that such conserved amino acids are significant for structure and function of this viral protein. In our HCV subtype 3a isolates the NS5 sequences were highly conserved.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01310799
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rapid detection of influenza A neuraminidase subtypes by cDNA amplification coupled to a simple DNA enzyme immunoassay (1994)
    Springer
    Archives of virology 139 (1994), S. 439-444 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-8798
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A newly developed colorimetric method, DNA enzyme immunoassay (DEIA), was applied to the detection of neuraminidase subtypes N1 and N2 of influenza A viruses. Reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction with universal primers were used for genomic amplification of H1N1, H2N2, and H3N2 strains. Following amplification, an aliquot of the PCR product was hybridized to biotinylated DNA sequences (N1/N2 probes) immobilized on microtiter wells. The hybridization event was revealed by monoclonal antibodies to double stranded DNA in a standard ELISA reaction. The assay described here was able to distinguish accurately between the two neuraminidase subtypes of human influenza A viruses. It is a simple and rapid method facilitating the handling of a large number of samples and therefore seems to be easily applicable to diagnostic laboratories.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01310805
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    High pressure μSR studies: rare earths and related materials (2000)
    Springer
    Hyperfine interactions 128 (2000), S. 275-303 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9540
    Keywords: muon spin rotation/relaxation ; rare earth magnetism ; frustrated magnets
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract After a short introduction to μSR with respect to the study of magnetic properties, followed by a brief outline of the principle of the high pressure-low temperature μSR spectrometer installed at the Paul Scherrer Institute, we discuss some measurements on rare earth materials employing this instrument. They are concerned with: (1) The pressure dependence of the spin turning process in ferromagnetic Gd. (2) The volume dependence of the internal magnetic field in the heavy rare earth metals Gd, Dy, and Ho in their ordered magnetic states. (3) The response of the (first order) magnetic transition in the frustrated antiferromagnets of type RMn2 (R = Y,Gd) to pressure. (4) The variation of magnetic parameters with pressure in La2CuO4 (powder sample), the antiferromagnetic parent compound of the high TC superconductors of type La2−x(Sr, Ba)xCuO4. In conclusion a short outlook on further developments is given.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1012695902178
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Zur Stereochemie der Mutterkornalkaloide vom Agroclavin- und Elymoclavin-Typus. 46. Mitteilung über Mutterkornalkaloide (1958)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Helvetica Chimica Acta 41 (1958), S. 1984-1997 
    Details
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Durch die auf verschiedenen, sterisch eindeutigen Wegen durchgeführte chemische Verknüpfung des Mutterkornalkaloids Agroclavin mit Elymoclavin und D-Dihydro-lysergsäure(I) wurde bewiesen, dass die Ringe C und D im Agroclavin gleiche trans-Verknüpfung wie in der D-Dihydro-lysergsäure(I) aufweisen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hlca.19580410708
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