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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 39 (1983), S. 730-732 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effects of severance of stomatogastric nerves on the contraction rate of the musculature of the crop ofAcheta domesticus indicates the existence of a stable myogenic rhythm in the foregut muscularis, which is normally masked by nervous influences.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1434-601X
    Keywords: PACS. 13.60.Le Meson production – 25.20.Lj Photoproduction reactions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract: The photoproduction of two neutral pions from the deuteron has been studied for incident photon energies from 200 MeV to 820 MeV with the TAPS spectrometer at MAMI (Mainz Microtron). The total cross-section was determined and used to deduce the cross-section from the neutron. Due to the good statistical quality of the data Dalitz plots for the three particles in the exit channel (π0π0 N) could be constructed. The invariant mass distributions derived from them are presented in this paper. They indicate that the important reaction mechanism in the second resonance region is a sequential decay pattern involving the population of the Δ(1232)-resonance as an intermediate state.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1434-601X
    Keywords: PACS. 13.60.Le Meson production – 25.20.Lj Photoproduction reactions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract: Double neutral pion photoproduction from the proton has been measured at MAMI for photon energies between threshold and 820 MeV. The reaction was identified by an invariant mass and missing mass analysis. From threshold up to 370 MeV the total cross-section does not exceed 30 nb. For higher energies it shows a smooth rise until it reaches a maximum of about 10 μb at E γ = 740 MeV. Dalitz plots of m 2(π0π0) versus m 2(p,π0) for seven bins of incident photon energy have been analysed. For E γ 〉 610 MeV, a strong contribution of a sequential decay is observed with the Δ(1232)-resonance as intermediate state. A comparison to model calculations shows that these sequential decays presumably originate from the D 13(1520) and also the P 11(1440)-resonance.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1434-601X
    Keywords: PACS. 13.60.Le Meson production – 14.20.Pt Dibaryons – 25.20.Lj Photoproduction reactions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract: The reaction γd↦π0 X has been measured with TAPS at MAMI in the energy range E γ = 140-300 MeV. Using the Glasgow tagging spectrometer a photon energy resolution of 0.8 MeV was achieved. The energy excitation functions of integral and differential total cross-sections show no structures of statistical significance 〉 2σ. Upper limits for the production of narrow isoscalar or isovector dibaryons with masses m? 2100 MeV/c2 were deduced. They are in the range 2-5 μb averaged over the 0.8 MeV energy resolution.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 258 (1980), S. 27-41 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Orientation and theological fibre strength during spinning of monofilaments from the melted mass are investigated in dependency on the heat transmission coefficient. The analysis is based in free convection on six series of measurements published in the literature on PET and PA6, and forced convection in one range of measurements, kindly made available by the courtesy of Zimmer AG in Frankfurt/Main. In the fibre strength and spinning orientation, the molecular weight of the polymere reduces during fibre formation. In order to find the dynamic viscosity in the polymere jet the equation $$\eta _p = \bar M_n^a \cdot t_p^{ - b} $$ was introduced, which is based on the measured values of the dynamic viscosity depending on the molecular weight and the temperature of the polymere melted mass. Equations are given for calculation of the exponentsa andb.The equation for ∌ p, is extended to an average temperature $$\bar t_p $$ in the polymere jet. There thus results in respect of this an average viscosity of $$\bar \eta _p $$ . This is identical with the fibre tension a during fibre formation processes. The spinning orientation results directly proportionally as $$\bar \eta _p $$ or a respectively. Fibre diameter $$\bar d$$ , heat transmission coefficient $$\bar \alpha $$ , spinning pathx s , until the glass transformation temperature tG is reached in fibre and volume V of the polymere jet are calculated with equations published at an earlier date. A variable νω, which corresponds for each number the expression of specific weight · volume/throughput volume $$\dot m$$ of the monofilament and which is equated with the quotient from the average speed in the jet and fibre removal speed, characterizes the flow reaction during fibre formation and is used in the calculation of fibre strength and spinning orientation. PET resulted in $$\Delta n = k_2 \cdot f \cdot \bar \alpha ^3 $$ and PA6 in $$\Delta n = k_3 \cdot f \cdot \bar \alpha ^3 $$ .f corresponds with the theological fibre strength at the polymere jet,k 2 the valueq Me · In 10/g andk 3 the valueq Me · loge/g.q Me is the mechanical heat equivalent of a gram calory andg the gravitation constant. The fibre strength, which results from the measurement of the spinning orientation and calculation of the heat transmission coefficient, is given for all numbers in the measuring series 1 to 7 in the tables 5 to 11. Spinning orientation depending on the spinning normalityS corresponds with the relationk 4 ·f · S z . Numerical valuesk 4, and exponent z of each measuring series are summarized in table 12. Fibre strength and spinning orientation in dependency on the heat transmission coefficient are investigated in section 14. With PET there results the fibre strength $$f = \frac{{q^2 Me}}{g} \cdot \log e \cdot \frac{1}{{U_w }} \cdot \bar a^y $$ and spinning orientation $$\Delta n = \frac{{q^3 Me}}{{g^2 }} \cdot \frac{1}{{U_w }} \cdot \bar a^{3 + y.} $$ The exponent y is a function of the spinning normality. For the measuring series 1 to 4, which apply to free convection and PET, the data for calculation ofy is summarized as table 13. For forced convection with PET, in which the fibre is blown transverse to the running direction,y has the value 3. Thereafter applicable to forced convection $$f = \frac{{q^2 Me}}{g} \cdot \log e \cdot \frac{1}{{U_w }} \cdot \bar a^3 and\Delta n = \frac{{q^3 Me}}{{g^2 }} \cdot \frac{1}{{U_w }} \cdot \bar a^6 $$ with an average fluctuationɛs = ± 8.9% for the numbers 36 to 41. With PA6, measuring series 6 there resulted for the exponenty, in addition to the spinning normality, an influence exerted by the fibre removal speed. Equations are given for calculation of y for the measuring series 6 and 7. A reduction ofy signifies an increase in fibre strength with increasing fibre removal speed. With PA6 the equations $$f = \frac{{q^2 Me}}{g} \cdot \log e \cdot \frac{1}{{U_w }} \cdot \bar a^y and\Delta n = \frac{{q^3 Me}}{{g^2 }} \cdot \log ^2 e \cdot \frac{1}{{U_w }} \cdot \bar a^{3 + y} $$ are applicable. The average fluctuation of they value for all measuring values in every series of measurements in the calculation of fibre strength and spinning orientation with the equations given lies with PET between ± 5.3% and 14.7%, and with PA6 between ± 5.0% and 18.2% and the numerical value 3 +y between 5 and 6. The exponent y shows the tendency to drop with increasing molecular weight. A high spinning orientation during fibre formation results from lower molecular weight $$\bar M_n $$ , low value of the quotient νω arising from average speed $$\bar w_p $$ in the polymere jet and fibre removal speedω, high polymere temperaturet p at ejection from the nozzle, greater heat transmission coefficient $$\bar \alpha $$ , lower diameter of the capillary boreD and smaller spinning normalityS, which exists with lower throughput volume $$\dot m$$ of the elementary fibre and higher fibre removal speed ω.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Orientierung und rheologische Fadenkraft beim Erspinneu monofiter Fäden aus der Schmelze werden abhängig von der Wärmeübergangszahl untersucht. Die Analyse beruht bei der freien Konvektion auf sechs Meßreihen, die in der Literatur für PET und PA6 veröffentlicht sind, und bei der erzwungenen Konvektion auf einer Meßreihe,, welche die Zimmer AG in Frankfurt/Main dankenswerterweise zur Verfügung gestellt hat. In die Fadenkraft und Spinnorientierung geht bei der Fadenbildung das Molekulargewicht des Polymers ein. Um die dynamische Viskosität im Polymerstrahl zu finden, wird die Gleichung $$\eta _p = \bar M_n^a \cdot t_p^{ - b} $$ eingeführt, die auf Meßwerten der dynamischen Viskosität abhängig vom Molekulargewicht und von der Temperatur der Polymerschmelze beruht. Zur Rechnung der Exponenten a und b sind Gleichungen angegeben. Die Gleichung für∌ p wird auf eine mittlere Temperatur $$\bar t_p $$ im Polymerstrahl erweitert. Daraus folgt für ihn eine mittlere dynamische Viskosität $$\bar \eta _p $$ . Diese ist mit der Fadenspannung abeim Fadenbildungsvorgang identisch. Die Spinnorientierung ergibt sich zu $$\bar \eta _p $$ bzw.σ direkt proportional. Fadendurchmesser $$\bar d$$ , Wärmeübergangszahl $$\bar \alpha $$ , Spinnwegx s bis zum Erreichen der Glasumwandlungstemperaturt G im Faden und Volumen V des Polymerstrahles sind mit früher veröffentlichten Gleichungen gerechnet. Eine veränderliche Größe νω, die für jede Nummer dem Ausdruck spezifisches Gewicht · Volumen/Durchsatzmenge $$\dot m$$ des monofilen Fadens entspricht und dem Quotienten aus mittlerer Geschwindigkeit im Strahl und Fadenabzugsgeschwindigkeit gleichgesetzt ist, charakterisiert den Fließvorgang bei der Fadenbildung und findet bei der Rechnung von Fadenkraft und Spinnorientierung Anwendung. Für PET hat sich $$\Delta n = k_2 \cdot f \cdot \bar \alpha ^3 $$ und für PA6 $$\Delta n = k_3 \cdot f \cdot \bar \alpha ^3 $$ ergeben.f entspricht der theologischen Fadenkraft am Polymerstrahl,k 2 dem Wertq Me , · In 10/g undk 3 dem Wertq Me , · loge/g.q Me , ist das mechanische Wärmeäquivalent einer Grammkalorie und g die Gravitationskonstante. Die Fadenkraft, die sich aus der Messung der Spinnorientierung und der Rechnung der Wärmeübergangszahl ergeben hat, ist für alle Nummern der Meßreihen 1 bis 7 in den Tabellen 5 bis 11 angegeben. Die Spinnorientierung abhängig vom Spinntiter S entspricht der Beziehungk 4, ·f · νω/g -S z. Zahlenwertk 4 und Exponent z jeder Meßreihe sind in der Tabelle 12 zusammengestellt. Im Abschnitt 14 wird die Fadenkraft abhängig von der Wärmeübergangszahl, ebenso die Spinnorientierung unter sucht. Bei PET ergibt sich die Fadenkraft $$f = \frac{{q^2 Me}}{g} \cdot \log e \cdot \frac{1}{{U_w }} \cdot \bar a^y $$ und die Spinnorientierung $$\Delta n = \frac{{q^3 Me}}{{g^2 }} \cdot \frac{1}{{U_w }} \cdot \bar a^{3 + y} $$ . Der Exponenty ist eine Funktion des Spinntiters. Für die Meßreihen 1 bis 4, die für freie Konvektion und PET gelten, sind die Angaben zur Rechnung vony als Tabelle 13 zusammengestellt. Die mittlere Schwankung für alle Meßwerte jeder Meßreihe bei der Rechnung von Fadenkraft und Spinnorientierung mit den vorstehenden Gleichungen liegt zwischen ± 6,8 und ± 14,7%, und der Zahlenwert 3 +y zwischen 5 und 6. Für die erzwungene Konvektion mit PET, bei der die Fäden quer zur Ablaufrichtung angeblasen sind, haty den Wert 3. Danach gilt für die erzwungene Konvektion $$f = \frac{{q^2 Me}}{g} \cdot \log e \cdot \frac{1}{{U_w }} \cdot \bar a^3 und\Delta n = \frac{{q^3 Me}}{{g^2 }} \cdot \frac{1}{{U_w }} \cdot \bar a^6 $$ mittleren Schwankungɛ = ± 8,9% für die Nummern 36 bis 41. Bei PA6, Meßreihe 6 zeigt sich für den Exponenteny neben der Abhängigkeit vom Spinntiter ein Einfluß durch die Fadenabzugsgeschwindigkeit. Zur Rechnung vony sind für die Meßreihen 6 und 7 Gleichungen angegeben. Eine Abnahme vony bedeutet eine Zunahme der Fadenkraft bei steigender Fadenabzugsgeschwindigkeit. Bei PA6 haben die Gleichungen $$f = \frac{{q^2 Me}}{g} \cdot \log e \cdot \frac{1}{{U_w }} \cdot \bar a^y $$ und $$\Delta n = \frac{{q^3 Me}}{{g^2 }} \cdot \log ^2 e \cdot \frac{1}{{U_w }} \cdot \bar a^{3 + y} $$ Gültigkeit. Für die Meßreihe 6 hat sich als mittlere Schwankung der Wert ɛ = ± 5,0% und die Meßreihe 7 ɛ = ± 18,2% ergeben.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 258 (1980), S. 1238-1243 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The equationf = k · Δn · S is utilized for the fibre strength during spinning from the melted mass.S is the spinning titer in denier. The coefficientk is determined from measuring values in literature and is according to equation [2] and figure 1, dependent on the temperature of the polymere mass, coated during extrusion from the spinning jet. It reduces with the radiation losses of the fibre. For the calculation of the heat transmission coefficient, dependent on the spinning titer, equations are given for PET and PA6. Based on these the cubic number of the heat transmission coefficient is in reverse proportion to the spinning titer. All values from spinning orientation and fibre tension of the seven series of measurements are in sequence in the model. No anomalies were established. Under these conditions the calculation was expanded to full spinning orientation. The fibre strength is in direct proportion to spinning titer, the spinning orientation and fibre tension on the other hand in reverse proportion. The connection between spinning orientation and fibre tension are proven on three examples. For this the calculations for full spinning orientation and fibre tension was used in addition to measuring values published in literature on the subject. A quotient fibre strength /spinning orientation is required for PET or PA6 respectively, in order to determine the spinning titer assigned to each series of measurements for full spinning orientation. The fibre strength for the elementary fibre for PET is in the measuring series 1 to 5 215,67 dyn throughout and 301,56 dyn in PA6, measuring series 6 and 7. The heat transmission coefficient for all seven tests resulted in the same valueā = 216,68 .10−4 cal/cm2 s °C. The spinning titer for free convection lies at full spinning orientation and PET between 0,865 den measuring series 1 and 1,386 den measuring series 2, 3, 4 and with PA6 between 0,982 den measuring series 6 and 1,907 den measuring series 1. The spinning titer S = 5,034 den was then determined for forced convection PET measuring series 5. This lies higher than the values calculated for free convection.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Für die Fadenkraft beim Erspinnen von Fäden aus der Schmelze wird die Gleichungf = k · Δn· S angewendet.S ist der Spinntiter in Denier. Der Koeffizientk wird aus Meßwerten in der Literatur ermittelt; er ist gemäßk = t p c abhängig von der Temperatur der Polymerschmelze beim Austritt aus der Spinndüse.c und somitk fallen nach Abb. 1 mit den Strahlungsverlusten des Fadens ab. Für die Rechnung der Wärmeübergangszahl abhängig vom Spinntiter sind Gleichungen für PET und PA6 angege ben. Nach ihnen ist die dritte Potenz der Wärmeübergangs zahl zum Spinntiter umgekehrt proportional. Alle Werte von Spinnorientierung und Fadenspannung der sieben Meßreihen ordnen sich in das Modell ein. Anomalien wurden nicht festgestellt. Unter dieser Bedingung wurde die Rechnung bis zur vollen Spinnorientierung erweitert. Die Fadenkraft ist zum Spinntiter direkt, Spinnorientierung und Fadenspannung dagegen sind zu ihm umgekehrt proportional. An drei Beispielen wird der Zusammenhang zwischen Spinnorientierung und Fadenspannung nachgewiesen. Hierzu werden die Rechenwerte für die volle Spinnorientierung und Fadenspannung sowie die in der Literatur veröffentlichten Meßwerte eingesetzt. Ein Quotient Fadenkraft/Spinnorientierung ist für PET bzw. PA6 erforderlich, um den Spinntiter zu ermitteln, der jeder Meßreihe für die volle Spinnorientierung zugeordnetist. Die Fadenkraft beträgt für den Elementarfaden bei PET, Meßreihen 1 bis 5 einheitlich 215,75 dyn und 301,56 dyn bei PA6, Meßreihen 6 und 7. Für alle sieben Meßreihen hat sich für die Wärmeübergangszahl der gleiche Werta = 216,68-10−4 cal/cm2 s °C ergeben. Der Spinntiter für die freie Konfektion liegt bei voller Spinnorientierung und PET zwischen 0,865 den, Meßreihe 1, und 1,386 den, Meßreihen 2, 3, 4, und bei PA6 zwischen 0,982 den, Meßreihe 6, und 1,907 den, Meßreihe 7. Für die erzwungene Konvektion, PET, Meßreihe 5 ist der SpinntiterS = 5,034 den bestimmt worden. Er liegt höher als die bei freier Konvektion gerechneten Werte. Herrn Prof. Dr.F. Horst Müller in Marburg-Marbach spreche ich auch an dieser Stelle meinen verbindlichen Dank für das stets fördernde Interesse an dieser Arbeit aus.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-1998
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objective. To examine the extent to which intracranial pressure (ICP) in children after severe brain trauma can be determined by cranial CT.¶Materials and methods. Two experienced paediatric radiologists, without any knowledge of the clinical symptoms, evaluated 124 CT scans from 65 children (average age 5.4 years) who underwent intracranial measurement of their cerebral pressure.¶Results. CT had high sensitivity (99.1 %) for ’high cerebral pressure' but a much lower specificity (78.1 %). The examiners tended to estimate ICP as ’high' even when actual ICP was low. Since therapy for lowering cerebral pressure involves potential risks, actual cerebral pressure measurement, particularly in children, should be considered before intervention (e. g. hyperventilation or trepanation). We report the change in different intracerebral fluid compartments with varying cerebral pressure and modifications of the density of the brain tissue in an inter- and intraobserver comparison.¶Conclusion. The radiologist cannot differentiate, for methodological reasons, between a change in the intracranial fluid compartments not associated with a change in ICP and one in which it is critically elevated. Before any interventional treatments such as decompression-trepanation or hyperventilation are instituted, measurement of ICP should be considered, especially in children.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Langenbeck's archives of surgery 351 (1980), S. 179-192 
    ISSN: 1435-2451
    Keywords: Laser surgery ; Hemostasis ; Wound healing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Lasergeräte unterschiedlicher Systeme CO2, CO-, Nd-YAG-und Holmium-YAG-Laser) sind vergleichend mit konventionellen chirurgischen Geräten (Elektroskalpell, Kryoskalpell und Skalpell) an der Leber des Schweines und an der Niere des Hundes eingesetzt worden. CO2- und CO-Laser verursachten die geringste Gewebeschädigung, gefolgt vom Holmium-Laser; die stärkste Schädigung verursachte der Nd-YAG-Laser. Für die koagulierende Wirkung konnte die umgekehrte Reihenfolge ermittelt werden. Die konventionellen Vergleichsinstrumente zeigten eine schwächere blutstillende Wirkung. Die Reparation der durch Laser erzeugten Schnittflächen verlief über 4 bis 8 Wochen bei Leber und Niere komplikationslos. Reste verkohlten Gewebes waren noch nach 8 Wochen nach der Anwendung bei allen Lasern in unterschiedlicher Menge CO2〈CO〈Nd: YAG) nachweisbar. Die Narbenbildung wurde dadurch offensichtlich nicht gestört.
    Notes: Summary Various laser devices CO2, CO, Nd: YAG, and holmium: YAG lasers) have been used on pig livers and on dog kidneys for comparison with conventional surgical instruments (electroscalpel, cryoscalpel, and scalpel). CO2, and CO lasers caused the least tissue damage, followed by the holmium laser; severe damage was caused by the Nd: YAG laser. The order was reverse for coagulative effect. The conventional reference instruments showed a weaker hemostatic effect. Surfaces cut by laser healed in four to eight weeks without complications. Remnants of charred tissue in various quantities could still be detected after eight weeks in all cases where CO2, CO, and Nd: YAG lasers had been used. This obviously did not affect scar formation.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Key words Small vesicles ; Phase behaviour ; Small-angle neutron scattering ; Charged surfactants
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract  The phase behaviour and properties of the tetradecyldimethylamine oxide/HCl/hexanol/water quaternary surfactant system have been studied by means of electric conductivity, rheology, freeze-fracture transmission electron microscopy (FF-TEM) and small-angle neutron scattering (SANS). In this system the originally zwitterionic surfactant can become increasingly charged by protonation through the addition of HCl, i.e. the degree of charging can be changed continuously. An interesting, isotropic phase (L1 * phase) of low viscosity was observed for intermediate degrees of charging. From viscosity and conductivity measurements this phase can clearly be distinguished from the conventional L1 phase that is composed of micelles. Investigation of the structures present by means of FF-TEM and SANS showed that the L1 * phase is made up of unilamellar vesicles of extremely small diameter of 8–10 nm. Evidently such highly curved structures are stabilized by the electrostatic conditions in this system.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 180 (1984), S. 81-103 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The distribution of the ganglia and nerves of the stomatogastric nervous system and the innervation of the extrinsic and intrinsic muscles are described. Median unpaired frontal and hypocerebral ganglia and paired ingluvial ganglia are present. The anterior pharynx is innervated by branches of the frontal nerve and by the anterior and posterior pharyngeal nerves, originating from the frontal ganglion. The posterior pharyngeal nerves are linked to nerves innervating the posterior part of the pharynx which have their origin in the hypocerebral ganglion, the anterior portion of which has previously been regarded as part of the recurrent nerve. Paired esophageal nerves run the length of the esophagus and crop between the hypocerebral and and ingluvial ganglia, innervating the muscularis by serial side branches. From each ingluvial ganglion runs an ingluvial nerve which innervates the gizzard and a cecal nerve which innervates the midgut and its ceca. At the posterior end of the midgut there is a poorly developed nerve ring. Nerves running posteriorly from this nerve ring link the stomatogastric nervous system with the proctodeal innervation from the terminal abdominal ganglion.Multipolar peripheral neurons are present on the muscularis of the whole of the foregut, rather randomly distributed on the crop and gizzard but forming fairly definite groupings at some points on the pharynx. Though of varied appearance, these cells could not be divided into discrete morphological categories. Peripheral neurons on the midgut are of different and characteristic morphology, though a few cells of the same appearance as those of the foregut occur at the midgut-hindgut boundary. Nerve fibers on the gut almost invariably terminate on the fibers of the muscularis.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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