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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science, Ltd
    Aquaculture research 32 (2001), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2109
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: In order to confirm the suitability of cholestane (CLS) for determination of lipid digestibilities in prawn, Marsupenaeus japonicus, the movements of dietary triacylglycerol and CLS in its digestive tract were examined. In this present study, the double labelling method was evaluated using [3H]-triolein and [14C]-CLS, which was chemically synthesized from [14C]-cholesterol. Three test diets containing different levels of lipid (0, 80 and 100 g kg−1 dry diet) with [3H]-triolein (150 MBq kg−1 diet) and [14C]-CLS (150 MBq kg−1 diet) were prepared. One prawn was stocked into a 1 L Erlenmeyer flask containing seawater at 25 °C. After the prawns had been fed on 1% of body weight of the labelled diets, they were transferred to another Erlenmeyer flask and held for 1, 3, 6, 12, 24, 36 and 96 h after feeding. At every collection time, radioactivity of the hemolymph, stomach, midgut gland, midgut, hindgut, muscle and faeces was determined by liquid scintillation counter. All analyses were performed in triplicate with one prawn per collection time per test diet.In the prawns administrated labelled diets, over 75% of the total radioactivity was recovered in faeces at 96 h after feeding. The ratio of [3H] to [14C] in the gastrointestinal tract of the prawn did not fluctuate for 96 h after feeding. Thus, triolein and CLS were shown to move at the same speed in the gastrointestinal tract. The results demonstrate that CLS satisfied one requisite for markers in the digestibility measurement of dietary lipids in the prawn.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Aquaculture research 33 (2002), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2109
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The requirements of juvenile prawn, Marsupenaeus japonicus (Bate), 0.79 g initial body weight, for essential amino acids (EAA) were evaluated based on the daily increase of each EAA in the whole body when the prawn was maintained on a diet with a high nutritive value (a casein-squid protein-based diet). The quantities of each EAA needed daily for growth and maintenance of prawn are conceived to correspond to the daily requirements of this prawn species for EAA. Therefore, these requirement values of respective EAA should be supplied from dietary proteins. To determine these values, protein and amino acids of the whole body of the prawn were quantified before and after feeding experiments, and the quantities of respective EAA needed to meet the requirements were estimated based on the EAA profile of the whole body protein of prawn. As a result, the contents of EAA in dietary proteins (%) needed to meet the requirements of the prawn for EAA were assessed to be: threonine (2.3), methionine (1.3), valine (2.4), isoleucine (2.3), leucine (3.4), phenylalanine (2.6), lysine (3.2), histidine (1.1), arginine (2.9) and tryptophan (0.6), respectively, when the prawn are fed 50% protein diet with 90% protein digestibility at a ration size of 2% (% of body weight).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Marine biology 34 (1976), S. 53-57 
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The sterol constituents of both coral and non-coral-reef animals (mollusks, coelenterates, echinoderms) have been investigated, and determined by gas-liquid chromatography and spectral analyses. All coral-reef animals examined contained larger amounts of C28-sterols, such as 24-methylcholesterol, than non-coral-reef animals. The seastar Acanthaster planci contains the same sterol constituents as some coral-reef coelenterates and mollusks, differing only in the position of the double bond in a steroid ring. This observation suggests the transport of dietary Δ5-sterols to Δ7-sterols through the food-chain in A. planci.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Fatty acid biosynthesis in the larval stages of Penaeus japonicus Bate was examined by feeding microencapsulated diets containing (1-14C) palmitic acid, and fat-free diets supplemented with defined fatty acids. Highest larval growth rates were achieved on diets containing Tapes philippinarum lipid and, when defined fatty acids were substituted, on diets containing 20:6ω3 fatty acid. The radioactive tracer experiments indicate that 16:1ω7, 18:0 and 18:1ω9 fatty acids may be synthesised from palmitic acid and that P. japonicus larvae may possess the ability to elongate 18:3ω3 to 20:5ω3 and 22:6ω3, and 18:2ω6 to 20:4ω6. However, the rates of these reactions appear to be too slow to meet the larval requirements for essential fatty acids and the ω3 series of polyunsaturated fatty acids must be provided in the diet.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 101 (2000), S. 327-335 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Wild rice ; Transposable element ; Life-history traits ; Geographic distribution ; Phylogenetic relationship
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  The presence or absence of miniature inverted-repeat transposable elements (MITEs) that belong to Stowaway family was analyzed at three loci, two of which are newly identified, in five wild rice species having the AA genome. The pattern of the presence or absence of MITEs was found to be highly associated with speciation in this plant group. In Oryza rufipogon, the pattern was also associated with differentiation into annual or perennial ecotypes. These results suggest either that gene flow has been highly restricted between different species, as well as between different ecotypes of O. rufipogon after they were differentiated, or that loci with or without MITEs have been selected in nature together with the linked genes that are responsible for adaptation to environments. In addition, a very low polymorphism with regard to the presence or absence of MITEs within each species or each ecotype suggests that the frequency of transposition of MITEs is very low, assuming that the loci that contain MITEs are free from selection pressure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Soybean ; Chloroplast DNA ; Non-coding region ; DNA sequencing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Soybean chloroplast DNAs (cpDNAs) are classified into three types (I, II and III) based on RFLP profiles. Type I is mainly observed in cultivated soybean (Glycine max), while type II and type III are frequently found in both cultivated and wild soybean (Glycine soja), although type III is predominant in wild soybean. In order to evaluate the diversity of cpDNA and to determine the phylogenetic relationship among different chloroplast types, we sequenced nine non-coding regions of cpDNA for seven cultivated and 12 wild soybean accessions with different cpDNA types. Eleven single-base substitutions and a deletion of five bases were detected in a total of 3849 bases identified. Five mutations distinguished the accessions with types I and II from those with type III, and seven were found in the accessions with type III, independently of their taxa. Four species of the subgenus Glycine shared bases that were identical to those with types I and II at two of the five mutation sites and shared bases that were identical to those with type III at the remaining three sites. Therefore, the different cpDNA types may not have originated monophyletically, but rather may have differentiated from a common ancestor in different evolutionary directions. A neighbor-joining tree resulting from the sequence data revealed that the subgenus Soja connected with Glycine microphylla which formed a distinct clade from Clycine clandestina and the tetraploid cytotypes of Glycine tabacina and Glycine tomentella. Several informative length mutations of 54 to 202 bases, due to insertions or deletions, were also detected among the species of the genus Glycine.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Marine biology 39 (1977), S. 129-136 
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The variation in the concentration and fatty acid composition of lipid classes during the molting cycle of the prawn Penaeus japonicus was investigated. The lipid concentration of the whole body reached a maximum at mid-premolt (Stage D2) and then decreased to low level at late premolt (Stage D3–4). The accumulation of lipids during the premolt period seemed to be attributable to the increase of both polar and neutral lipids. The increase of neutral lipids at Stage D2 was derived from not only triglycerides but also free sterols and free fatty acids. Regarding the fatty acid composition of every lipid class, a marked variation occurred mainly at the intermolt (Stage C). In this stage, the polar lipids were rich in monoenoic acids such as 18:1 and poor in polyenoic acids such as 20:5ω3 and 22:6ω3. The triglycerides were rich in polyenoic acids at Stage C, but poor in monoenoic acids such as 16:1 and 18:1. The steryl esters contained large amounts of saturated acids such as 16:0 and 18:0 throughout the molting cycle, however the level of polyenoic acids increased at Stage C.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Marine biology 50 (1979), S. 169-173 
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The sterol composition of 23 species of coral-reef molluscs from Tahiti was investigated in relation to habitat and taxonomy. The elucidation of sterol components was performed by both argentation column and gas-liquid chromatographic techniques. Coral-reef molluscs, especially gastropods, seem to be characterised by sterols rich in 24-methylcholesterol.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Variations in ascorbic acid content of the ovary, somatic tissues and the whole female body were studied during ovarian development and the molting cycle of Palaemon serratus. The conclusions are incomplete, due to insufficient data on the role of ascorbic acid in the physiology and metabolism of animals, and especially crustaceans. However, some results indicate that Vitamin C is accumulated in the female as the gonad index increases. Ascorbic acid is concentrated preferentially in the ovarian tissue. Some hypotheses are put forward relating to the role of ascorbic acid in the biosynthesis of chitin, steroid hormones, and in ovarian maturation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naturwissenschaften 66 (1979), S. 520-522 
    ISSN: 1432-1904
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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