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  • 2000-2004  (10)
  • 1970-1974  (9)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 113 (2000), S. 534-546 
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: We demonstrate and analyze a novel scheme for complete transfer of atomic or molecular population between two bound states, by means of Stark-chirped rapid adiabatic passage (SCRAP). In this two-laser technique a delayed-pulse laser-induced Stark shift sweeps the transition frequency between two coupled states twice through resonance with the frequency of the population-transferring coupling laser. The delay of the Stark-shifting pulse with respect to the pulse of the coupling-laser Rabi frequency guarantees adiabatic passage of population at one of the two resonances while the evolution is diabatic at the other. The SCRAP method can give a population-transfer efficiency approaching unity. We discuss the general requirements on the intensity and timing of the pulses that produce the Rabi frequency and, independently, the Stark shift. We particularly stress extension to a double-SCRAP technique, a coherent variant of stimulated emission pumping in the limit of strong saturation. We demonstrate the success of the SCRAP method with experiments in metastable helium, where a two-photon transition provides the Rabi frequency. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science, Ltd
    Clinical & experimental allergy 32 (2002), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2222
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background The results of numerous studies on the influence of breastfeeding in the prevention of atopic disorders are often contradictory. One of the most important problems is confounding by other lifestyle factors.Objective The aim of the present study was to analyse the effect of any breastfeeding duration on the prevalence of atopic eczema in the first seven years of life taking into account other risk factors.Methods In an observational birth cohort study 1314 infants born in 1990 were followed-up for seven years. At 3, 6, 12, 18, 24 months and every year thereafter, parents were interviewed and filled in questionnaires, children were examined and blood was taken for in vitro allergy tests. Generalized Estimation Equations (GEE)-models were used to model risk factors for the prevalence of atopic eczema and for confounder adjustmentResults Breastfeeding was carried out for longer if at least one parent had eczema, the mother was older, did not smoke in pregnancy, and the family had a high social status. The prevalence of atopic eczema in the first seven years increased with each year of age (OR 1.05; 95% CI 1.01–1.09 for each year), with each additional month of breastfeeding (1.03; 1.00–1.06 for each additional month), with a history of parental atopic eczema (2.06; 1.38–3.08), and if other atopic signs and symptoms appeared, especially specific sensitization (1.53; 1.25–1.88), and asthma (1.41; 1.07–1.85). Although breastfeeding should be recommended for all infants, it does not prevent eczema in children with a genetic risk.Conclusion Parental eczema is the major risk factor for eczema. But in this study, each month of breastfeeding also increased the risk
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford BSL : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Clinical & experimental allergy 30 (2000), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2222
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Allergic diseases are more prevalent in affluent countries, which has been attributed to life-style factors. Life-style habits may also differ between socioeconomic (SES) classes. The objective of this paper therefore was to evaluate if SES had an impact on the development of atopic disorders.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉MethodsA total of 1314 German children were followed-up in an observational birth cohort study to 6 years of age. Parents filled in questionnaires, and had multi-allergen screening tests for sensitization. Indoor allergen concentrations were determined by ELISA. Children were examined regularly up to 6 years, specific serum IgE values were determined by CAP-Rast-Feia.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ResultsThe risk of aeroallergen sensitization (odds ratio 1.76; 95% CI 1.30–2.37), and the lifetime prevalence of hay fever (2.36; 1.76–3.17), and asthma (1.74; 1.08–2.80), but not of atopic dermatitis (AD: 0.90; 0.54–1.51) was elevated in parents of high compared to low SES. With high SES the risk of smoking in pregnancy (0.35; 0.23–0.51), in the home (0.31; 0.21–0.46), pet ownership (0.37; 0.26–0.55), high mite (0.42; 0.25–0.74), and high cat (0.38; 0.18–0.82) allergen concentration in house dust was reduced, but elevated for breastfeeding over more than 6 months (4.67; 2.9–7.48). In children, even after controlling for other risk factors, only the risk of AD from 3 to 6 years (2.42; 1.42–4.14) was elevated in families with high SES, but not of AD in infancy or of any other atopic disorder.〈section xml:id="abs1-4"〉〈title type="main"〉ConclusionsWhile parents of high SES have a higher prevalence of inhalative allergies, their favourable life-style prevents the development of atopic disorders in their children, except for AD beyond infancy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1398-9995
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Objective:  A population study was performed to identify the prevalence of all kinds of adverse reactions to food.Methods:  In a representative cross-sectional survey performed in 1999 and 2000 in Berlin, 13 300 inhabitants of all ages were addressed by questionnaire. This questionnaire was answered by 4093 persons. All respondents mentioning any sign of food intolerance or the existence of allergic diseases (n = 2298) were followed up by telephone and, in case food intolerance could not be ruled out by patient history, were invited to attend to the clinic for personal investigation including double-blind, placebo-controlled food challenge tests (DBPCFC).Results:  The self-reported lifetime prevalence of any adverse reaction to food in the Berlin population (mean age 41 years) was 34.9%. Eight hundred and fourteen individuals were personally investigated according to the guidelines. The point prevalence of adverse reactions to food confirmed by DBPCFC tests in the Berlin population as a mean of all age groups was 3.6% (95% confidence interval [3.0–4.2%]) and 3.7% in the adult population (18–79 years, 95% confidence interval [3.1–4.4.%]). Two and a half percent were IgE-mediated and 1.1% non-IgE-mediated, females were more frequently affected (60.6%). Based on a statistical comparison with available data of adults from the nationwide German Health Survey from 1998, adverse reactions to food in the adult population of Germany (age 18–79) were calculated with 2.6% [2.1–3.2%]).Conclusions:  The study gives for the first time information about the point prevalence of both immunological and nonimmunological adverse reactions to food and underlines the relevance of this issue in public health. The data also show that an individualized stepwise approach including provocation tests is mandatory to confirm the diagnosis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Copenhagen : Munksgaard International Publishers
    Allergy 55 (2000), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1398-9995
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 250 (1972), S. 1094-1104 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The relaxation behavior of polyethylene is studied by analyzing the line shape of the NMR-spectra. The broad, medium and narrow components correspond to three kinds of molecular motion: rigid, hindered mobile and liquid like mobile. The line shapes of the components are assumed to be that of a completely crystalline polyethylene sample, a hybrid between aGauβ andLorentz curve, and aLorentz curve, respectively. For a melt crystallized linear polyethylene of density 0,972 gcm−3 it is found that only (25±3)% of the noncrystalline protons are able to participate in the liquid like motion. For solution crystallized polyethylene this fraction is only (3±1)%. By swelling the polyethylene with carbon tetrachloride the mobility of the noncrystalline regions is increased. This is seen by the lowering of the glass transition temperature and a narrowing of the medium and narrow component. Branched polyethylene shows a different relaxation behavior from linear polyethylene, which follows from the disturbance of the polyethylene structure by the branching points.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Untersuchung des Relaxationsverhaltens von Polyäthylen geschieht durch die Linienformanalyse der NMR-Spektren. Der breiten, mittleren und schmalen Komponente entsprechen drei Arten der Molekularbeweglichkeit: unbeweglich, behindert beweglich und fiüssigkeitsähnlich beweglich. Zur mathematischen Beschreibung der breiten Komponente benutzen wir die an einer hochkristallinen Probe experimentell bestimmte Kurvenform, für die mittlere Komponente eine ausGauss- undLorentz-Kurve gemischte Kurve und für die schmale Komponente eineLorentz-Kurve. Die Wendepunktsbreiten der drei Komponenten betragen 14 bis 16 G, 2 bis 10 G und⩽1G. Es wird gefunden, daß bei schmelzkristallisiertem linearem Polyäthylen der Dichte 0,972 g cm−3 nur (25±3)% aller nichtkristallinen Protonen eine flüssigkeitsähnliche Bewegung ausführen. Bei lösungskristallisiertem linearem Polyäthylen derselben Kristallinität ist der Anteil mit (3 ±1)% noch wesentlich kleiner. Durch die Quellung des Polyäthylens mit Tetrachlorkohlenstoff erhöht sich die Beweglichkeit in den nichtkristallinen Bereichen. Dies äußert sich in der Erniedrigung der Glastemperatur sowie in einer Verschmälerung der mittleren und schmalen Komponente. Verzweigtes Polyäthylen zeigt aufgrund seiner durch die Verzweigungsstellen gestörten Struktur ein von linearem Polyäthylen abweichendes Verhalten.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 272 (1972), S. 450-453 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Urinary Excretion ; Methyldigoxin ; Digoxin ; Metabolites
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In man the oral or intravenous administration of 4‴-methyldigoxin yields metabolites in urine which are soluble either in chloroform or in water. The chromatographic analysis reveals demethylation as the main metabolic reaction in man. In addition to methyldigoxin and digoxin small amounts of digoxigenin-bisdigitoxoside and digoxigenin-mono-digitoxoside can be detected. The water soluble metabolites represent 7% of the radioactivity excreted in 7 days reaching a maximum within the first 8 h.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 274 (1972), S. 171-181 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Digoxin ; 4‴-Acetyldigoxin ; 4‴-Methyldigoxin ; Absorption Velocities ; Blood Level ; Biliar Excretion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The kinetics of absorption, of changes in blood concentration, and of biliary excretion after the i.v. and i.d. administration of 40 μCi each, of digoxin, 4‴-acetyldigoxin and 4‴-methyldigoxin were studied in biliary fistula rats. The highest blood concentrations were found after the i.v. administration of 4‴-methyldigoxin, which decline with a half life time of 10 h, compared with 5.6 and 4.5 h for 4‴-acetyldigoxin and digoxin respectively. 71%, 55% and 17% of the dose were excreted in the bile within 12 h after the i.v. administration of digoxin, 4‴-acetyldigoxin and 4‴-methyldigoxin. The blood concentrations observed after the i.d. administration of digoxin and 4‴-acetyldigoxin show almost identical pharmacokinetics with respect to height and elimination velocity (half life 7.0 h for digoxin and 7.5 h for 4‴-acetyldigoxin). In contrast, following the i.d.administration of 4‴-methyldigoxin, blood concentrations, which were twice as high, were observed and declined with the same half life as after the i.v. administration. Determination of the disappearance rates of these glycosides from the intestinal lumen reveals a biphasic course of absorption. A first phase, with k values of 0.4, 0.5, 1.2 for digoxin, 4‴-acetyldigoxin and 4‴-methyldigoxin respectively is followed by a second phase with k values of 0.04, 0.04, 0.001 for digoxin, 4‴-acetyldigoxin and 4‴-methyldigoxin. Thus, 4‴-methyldigoxin is almost completely absorbed within the first two hours, while digoxin and 4‴-acetyldigoxin continue to be absorbed during the following hours. The absorption velocity of digoxin from the ileum was found to be one half of that seen in the duodenum. But this slow absorption, as well, follows a biphasic course. The data indicate that 4‴-methyldigoxin is absorbed at a distinctly higher rate than 4‴-acetyldigoxin and digoxin. Acetylation in 4‴ position evidently provides no important advantage with respect to absorption. While this study allows the determination of absorption and excretion velocities, no account of absorption quotes is given.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 273 (1972), S. 154-167 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Digoxin and Derivatives ; Bis- and Monodigitoxosides ; Biliary Excretion ; Renal Excretion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The metabolism of digoxin (D), 4‴-acetyldigoxin (AD) and 4″-methyldigoxin (MD) was studied in biliary fistula rats by quantitative analysis of the excretion of these glycosides after intraduodenal administration. The total activity excreted within 12 h in bile amounts to 45.1; 40.5; 21.3 and in urine to 11.6; 14.3; 17.6% of the dose of D, AD and MD respectively. AD undergoes a rapid, but incomplete desacetylation in the organism. The highest desacetylation activities were found in liver, in intestinal mucosa and in kidney. Yet considerable amounts of unchanged AD were found in portal vein blood and still another 1–2% of the dose in bile and urine. In contrast MD is very slowly demethylated. 15 min after intraduodenal administration portal vein blood contains almost exclusively MD. A stepwise cleavage of digitoxoses from D as well as of AD and MD is indicated. The absolute amounts of digoxigenin-bis-digitoxoside (4–8% of the dose), digoxigenin-mono-digitoxoside (2.5–8.5%) excreted in bile and urine were in the same range for all three glycosides examined, although the relative amounts of these metabolites in bile and urine were much higher after administration of MD than of the two other glycosides. In addition a water-soluble fraction could be detected in bile and urine after administration of D, AD and MD. The absolute quantities of polar metabolites (4.5–7.0%) excreted in bile and urine were identical for all three glycosides.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 275 (1972), S. 1-10 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Enterohepatic Circulation ; Pharmacokinetics ; Digoxigenin-Bis- and Mono-Digitoxoside ; Polar Conjugates
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary After intraduodenal administration of 3H-digoxin (d) in biliary fistula (b.f.) rats, the total radioactivity in blood and bile is eliminated with t1/2 of 7 h in both fluids. In rats with intact enterohepatic circulation (e.c.), a t1/2 of 13.5 h was observed in blood and of 22 h in bile. To explain the much longer t1/2 in bile than in blood, the pharmacokinetics were studied of all substances, which might participate in e.c. after d administration. E.c. of the water soluble fraction is negligible since almost no absorption was found. Digoxigenin-bis- (b) and monodigitoxoside (m) showed approximately the same absorption kinetics as d. However, the blood levels of radioactivity after i.d. administration of these metabolites in b.f. rats were 5–6 times lower than those after d as a consequence of higher biliary excretion. 90–95% of the absorbed amounts of b and m were extrected in bile within 11 h compared with 61% after d administration. Thus the far longer t1/2 of elimination of radioactivity in bile than in blood after i.d. administration of d in rats with e.c. seemed to be due to a short circuit of b and m between intestine and liver. Evidence for this comes from the chromatographic analysis of the total radioactivity in the bile of these animals which shows that significantly more b is present in the bile of rats with e.c. than b.f. rats. No differences were found in the case of m, which on one hand is formed to a lesser extent and is on the other rapidly converted to polar metabolites, which are not reabsorbed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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