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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mitigation of N2O emissions from grassland by nitrification inhibitor and Actilith F2 applied with fertilizer and cattle slurry (2002)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 18 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. Nitrous oxide (N2O) is involved in both ozone destruction and global warming. In agricultural soils it is produced by nitrification and denitrification mainly after fertilization. Nitrification inhibitors have been proposed as one of the management tools for the reduction of the potential hazards of fertilizer-derived N2O. Addition of nitrification inhibitors to fertilizers maintains soil N in ammonium form, thereby gaseous N losses by nitrification and denitrification are less likely to occur and there is increased N utilization by the sward. We present a study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the nitrification inhibitor dicyandiamide (DCD) and of the slurry additive Actilith F2 on N2O emissions following application of calcium ammonium nitrate or cattle slurry to a mixed clover/ryegrass sward in the Basque Country. The results indicate that large differences in N2O emission occur depending on fertilizer type and the presence or absence of a nitrification inhibitor. There is considerable scope for immediate reduction of emissions by applying DCD with calcium ammonium nitrate or cattle slurry. DCD, applied at 25 kg ha–1, reduced the amount of N lost as N2O by 60% and 42% when applied with cattle slurry and calcium ammonium nitrate, respectively. Actilith F2 did not reduce N2O emissions and it produced a long lasting mineralization of previously immobilized added N.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.2002.tb00231.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nitrous oxide emissions from grassland in an intensive dairy farm in the Basque Country of Spain (2001)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 17 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. Intensively managed grasslands are potentially a large source of N2O in the North Coast of Spain because of the large N input, the wet soil conditions and mild temperatures. To quantify the effect of fertilizer type and management practices carried out by farmers in this area, field N2O losses were measured over a year using the closed chamber technique. Plots received two types of fertilizer: cattle slurry (536 kg N ha–1) and calcium ammonium nitrate (140 kg N ha–1). N2O losses were less in the slurry treatment than after mineral fertilizer. This was probably due to high, short-lived peaks of N2O encountered immediately following mineral N addition. In contrast, the seasonal distribution of N2O losses from the slurry amended plot was more uniform over the year. The greater N2O losses in the mineral treatment might have been enhanced by the combined effect of mineral fertilizer and past organic residues present from previous organic amendments. Weak relationships were found between N2O emission rates and soil nitrate, soil ammonium, soil water content and temperature. Better relationships were obtained in the mineral treatment than in the slurry plots, because of the wider range in soil mineral N. Water filled pore space (WFPS) was a key factor controlling N2O emissions. In the 〉 90% WFPS range no relationships were found. The best regressions were found for the mineral treatment in the 40–65% WFPS range, 49% of the variance being explained by soil nitrate and ammonium content. In the 65–90% WFPS range, 43% of the variance was explained by nitrate only, but the inclusion of soil ammonium did not improve the model as it did in the 40–65% WFPS range. This fact indicates that nitrification is likely to be an important process involved in N2O emissions at the 40–65% WFPS.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.2001.tb00017.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    HCV recovery from peripheral blood mononuclear cell culture supernatants derived from HCV–HIV co-infected haemophilic patients with undetectable HCV viraemia (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Haemophilia 9 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2516
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary.  Hepatitis C viraemia, in 38 human immunodeficiency virus positive (HIV+)/hepatitis C virus positive (HCV+) patients, was determined in haemophilic patients during the 4 years since initiation of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Six of 38 patients had persistently HCV-negative viraemia for more than 2 years. No correlation between HCV-negative viraemia and CD4+ T-cell counts, HIV viral load, age, type or severity of haemophilia could be established. Reduced levels of HIV viral load and the immune reconstitution that follows the initiation of HAART were not enough to explain the disappearance of HCV from plasma. Individuals who cleared plasma HCV had significantly higher CD8+ T-cell counts (P = 0.0013) (mean ± SE: 1153 ± 117.8cells μL−1) than those with HCV-positive viraemia (819.1 ± 40.72 cells μL−1). Because HCV could maintain a low replication level in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), we cultured PBMC of five of six patients with undetectable HCV viraemia. We found four of five HCV RNA-positive cultures. The presence of HCV RNA in our cultures proved that these cells may be an important viral reservoir that could contribute to HCV recurrence in plasma even after long periods of negative viraemia. In summary, our results indicate that in spite of prolonged HCV-negative plasma viraemia, HCV patients that are co-infected with HIV may harbour replication-competent HCV in their PBMC. Therefore, true clearance of HCV infection is difficult to achieve in these patients.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2516.2003.00808.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Haemophilia in the developing world: successes, frustrations and opportunities (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Haemophilia 10 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2516
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary.  There is a need to bridge key gaps between high- and low-income countries and individuals; between health policy and clinical practice; and between producers and users of healthcare technology and scientific evidence. The objective of this report was to perform a diagnosis of the situation in the developing world through a survey. This survey was conducted to gather specific information on various aspects related to haemophilia. Countries were chosen by their comparability in infant and adult mortality rates according to the regionalization proposed by the World Health Organization. These indicators are very sensitive to socioeconomic conditions, and have been widely used to study health inequalities. All regions, except Africa and the East Mediterranean, were represented. Africa was excluded because its indicators were not comparable. The East Mediterranean was not represented because of difficulties in contacting investigators. Twenty-one country representatives were contacted, and 11 answered the questionnaire. Successes obtained by developing countries are based more on the skills and creativity of the local professionals than on the availability of state-of-the-art technology. Frustrations were related to disease underregistration and the limited availability of treatment products. Haemophilia care in the developing world is not as fair as we would like it to be. Governments do not always cover treatment costs, and a very small percentage of the national health budgets is alotted to haemophilia care. The role of the World Federation of Hemophilia was considered crucial by all the investigators surveyed. Training programmes and supply of factor concentrates were the main contributions identified by the respondents.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2516.2004.00986.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A study of the influence of the synthesis conditions upon the catalytic properties of silicoaluminophosphate molecular sieves (2000)
    Springer
    Topics in catalysis 10 (2000), S. 65-71 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9028
    Keywords: 1‐butene ; silicoaluminophosphates ; molecular sieves ; skeletal isomerization ; Brønsted acidity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The skeletal isomerization of 1‐butene was performed over a series of silicoaluminophosphate molecular sieves with AEL structure (SAPO‐11). The results were compared with those obtained over an aluminophosphate molecular sieve (AlPO4‐11). The three SAPO‐11 samples, with different acidic properties, were synthesized by either varying the chemical composition of the synthesis gel or by varying the preparation time of the aforementioned gel. The catalytic results indicate that irrespective of how the acidity of the SAPO‐11 samples is changed (viz., independently of the method elected to modify the acidic properties of the samples), a close parallelism between the selectivity towards the skeletal isomerization and the number of (moderate + strong) Brønsted acid sites (sites retaining pyridine above 623 K) was observed for the SAPO‐11 solids. These results, definitively, indicate the participation of these acid sites in the skeletal isomerization process.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1019107916156
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