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  • 2000-2004  (3)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Extended freeze-dried Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette–Guérin induces the release of interleukin-12 but not tumour necrosis factor-α by alveolar macrophages, both in vitro and in vivo (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Clinical & experimental allergy 33 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2222
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background Airway hyper-responsiveness (AHR), chronic airway inflammation and predominance of the T helper type-2 (Th2; IL-4, IL-5, IL-13) over the Th1 (IL-2, IFN-γ) immune response are hallmarks of asthma. Alveolar macrophages (AM) are the most numerous cells in the airway lumen, where they represent the first immune cell population encountered by inhaled antigens. AM act as antigen-presenting cells (APC) and they release various soluble mediators and enzymes. AM thus play a prominent role in the modulation of the local immunity in airways. In allergic airways, AM have been implicated in the pathogenesis of inflammation by promoting the Th2 versus the Th1 cytokine patterns.Objectives Infections with attenuated bacteria or challenges with bacterial products may involve AM. Such stimuli have been shown to potentially restore the Th1/Th2 balance in asthmatic airways, but they also induce the release of inflammatory mediators. We investigated the response of AM when stimulated by two preparations of non-proliferating Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG).Methods We evaluated the cytokine production by AM from BP2 and C57BL/6 mice when cultured with heat-killed (HK) and extended freeze-dried (EFD) BCG. We then investigated in vivo the release of soluble factors in the airway lumen of mice after instillation of these BCG preparations. Finally, we studied the profile of cytokine transcripts in the lung of mice pre-treated with BCG and then challenged with ovalbumin (OVA).Results HK BCG induced the production of both TNF-α and IL-12, and did not prevent high levels of Th2 cytokine transcripts. In contrast, EFD BCG induced a response dominated by the production of IL-12, with no later over-expression of Th2 cytokine transcripts.Conclusion Our results show that EFD BCG induce the release of the Th1-promoting cytokine IL-12 by AM, without the deleterious effects of HK BCG. These data suggest that EFD BCG may be considered as a potential novel treatment to restore the Th1/Th2 imbalance in asthma.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2222.2003.01612.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sensitivity to chemically diverse phagostimulants in a single gustatory neuron of a polyphagous caterpillar (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 186 (2000), S. 13-19 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Keywords: Key words Catalpol ; Grammia ; Gustation ; Iridoid glycoside ; Phagostimulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Caterpillars of the arctiid moth, Grammia geneura, are polyphagous, but species of Plantago are amongst their preferred food plants. A neuron in the medial styloconic sensillum on the galea has been shown to have a general phagostimulatory function. Experiments with binary mixtures and cross-adaptation have demonstrated that it responds to some sugars, to several amino acids, and also to catalpol. Catalpol is a plant secondary compound in Plantago and a phagostimulant for the caterpillars. The possible significance of combining sensitivity to nutrient compounds with sensitivity to a secondary compound is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003590050002
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ethical and Fair Work Behaviour: A Normative-Empirical Dialogue Concerning Ethics and Justice (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of business ethics 28 (2000), S. 187-209 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0697
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
    Notes: Abstract Towards the general goal of generating a normative-empirical dialogue about ethics and justice, the present study explored three issues: (1) the extent to which the normative criteria of ethics and justice prescribed by moral philosophers are indeed reflected in managerial professionals' subjective beliefs of what ethical and just work behaviour ought to be, (2) the relationship between people's ought beliefs and their perceptions of actual ethical and just work behaviour, and (3) the relationship between the notions of ethics and justice. To do so, a review of the normative and positive theories of ethics was carried out which revealed the key normative criteria of ethics (i.e., utility, rights, justice, principle and care) and justice (i.e., due procedure and due outcome). Using both the interview and the repertory grid procedures, key determinants of ethical and just work behaviour as perceived by the managerial professionals were generated. These determinants were used to construct the questionnaires for the assessment of people's subjective ought beliefs, and their is judgements, of ethical and just work behaviour. There were three respondent samples: managerial professionals, general public and university students. Results showed that (1) people's subjective ought beliefs closely reflected the normative standards of ethics and justice, (2) there were significant discrepancies between people's subjective ought beliefs and their perceptions of actual ethical and just work behaviour, (3) individual differences in ought beliefs had some influence on is judgements, (4) both the ought beliefs and is judgements pertaining to the notion of justice could be accounted for by measures of the other four criteria of ethics and in particular, the notion of rights. The implications of the findings for normative theories of ethics and for ethics education are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006299811213
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