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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Analysis of the beam bunching produced by a free electron laser (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Plasmas 3 (1996), S. 4197-4206 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A high-power microwave Free Electron Laser (FEL) experiment has been performed to study the inherent electron beam bunching that occurs in the FEL interaction. An induction linac delivered a 1 kA, 2.2 MeV electron beam to a FEL amplifier. In the process of amplifying the input signal of frequency 35 GHz to power levels of the order of 10 MW, the electron beam was bunched by the ponderomotive force. In this paper we describe the FEL experiment and the optical technique that was used to observe the bunches. Their properties as functions of the basic FEL parameters are discussed. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.871552
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reversible colostomy—What is the outcome? (1996)
    Springer
    Diseases of the colon & rectum 39 (1996), S. 1227-1231 
    Details
    ISSN: 1530-0358
    Keywords: Colonic surgery ; Colostomy ; Morbidity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Purpose: The trend toward avoidance of a colostomy at both elective and emergency large-bowel surgery is partly driven by the perceived morbidity and low closure rates of temporary stomas. The aim of this study was to examine whether significant colostomy-related morbidity remains persistently high. METHODS: To examine this, we reviewed 120 patients with a potentially reversible colostomy performed during either elective or emergency large-bowel surgery during a seven-year period. RESULTS Forty-seven patients underwent elective and 73 patients underwent emergency colonic or colorectal resection. Fifty-eight patients had colorectal carcinoma (48.3 percent), diverticular disease accounted for 39 patients (32.5 percent), and a miscellaneous group of 23 patients (19.2 percent) made-up the remainder. Seven patients died, all in the emergency group (9.6 percent). Colostomy-related morbidity, which included stenosis, retraction, prolapse, and hernia formation, occurred in 19.2 percent of patients, with no difference between the elective (14.9 percent) and emergency (21.9 percent) groups or underlying pathologic condition. Colostomy closure was performed initially in 71 patients (59.2 percent). Highest closure rates occurred in the diverticular group (84.6 percent), followed by the colorectal carcinoma group (48.3 percent), and then the miscellaneous group (43.5 percent). One patient died undergoing colostomy closure, and complications occurred in 25 patients (35.2 percent), requiring fashioning of a second colostomy in eight patients, two of whom were closed. Final colostomy closure rate was 54.2 percent. CONCLUSIONS: This study confirms the contention that both formation and closure of defunctioning colostomies are associated with significant complications; furthermore, approximately one-half of patients will not have their colostomy closed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02055113
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fertility considerations in nerve-sparing retroperitoneal lymph-node dissection (1994)
    Springer
    World journal of urology 12 (1994), S. 136-138 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-8726
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Nerve-sparing retroperitoneal lymph-node dissection (RPLND) maintains the patient's ability to ejaculate postoperatively. However, since testicular cancer patients sometimes have diminished spermatogenesis, questions have been raised as to the advisability of nerve preservation relative to ultimate fertility. Fertility status was assessed in clinical stage A patients by two methods. These included standard semen analysis and a post-RPLND survey. The results show that approximately 75% of nonseminomatous testicular cancer patients who present in clinical stage A have fertility potential as based on semen analysis. Additionally, of those patients responding to the post-RPLND survey who had attempted pregnancy following RPLND, 76% reported attainment of pregnancy. Nerve-sparing RPLND maintains fertility potential in clinical stage I patients; furthermore, this fertility potential appears to be worth preserving as many patients will be capable of impregnating their partners.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00192270
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Predictive parameters in biologic assessment of low-stage retroperitoneal lymph-node dissection (1994)
    Springer
    World journal of urology 12 (1994), S. 120-124 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-8726
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In all, 30% of patients felt to have clinical stage A nonseminomatous testis cancer in fact have pathologic stage B disease. Although patients with clinical stage A nonseminoma currently enjoy a very high change for cure, a better assignment of therapy at diagnosis could lead to an overall decrease in the morbidity of treatment. This study analyzed orchiectomy specimens from 102 patients with clinical stage A nonseminomatous testis cancer, all of whom underwent pathologic staging via retroperitoneal lymph-node dissection (RPLND). Various parameters of the orchiectomy specimen were analyzed to determine wheter or not clinical staging could be improved on the basis of these factors. Statistical analysis resulted in the following model. If the orchiectomy specimen consisted of 100% embryonal carcinoma the patient was classified as being at high risk for retroperitoneal metastasis. In the absence of this finding the aneuploid cell line as determined by flow cytometry was considered. If the percentage of aneuploid cells in the S phase was less than 29% the patient was felt to be at low risk for retroperitoneal metastasis. If this percentage was greater than 29% the patient was classified as being at high risk. Using this paradigm, 77% of pathologic stage A patients and 91% of pathologic stage B patients were correctly classified. The test efficiency was 82%. This pilot study resulted in an interesting model that should be tested prospectively in consecutive patients to determine whether it is clinically useful.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00192266
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Complications of primary retroperitoneal lymph-node dissection for low-stage testicular cancer (1994)
    Springer
    World journal of urology 12 (1994), S. 139-142 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-8726
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The surgical complications encountered in 478 patients who underwent primary retroperitoneal lymphnode dissection for clinical stage A and B nonseminomatous testicular cancer during the period ranging from 1982 to 1992 were reviewed. There were 54 complications in 51 patients (10.6%), and there was no surgery-related mortality. There were 16 minor complications and 38 major complications. The most frequent complication encountered was superficial wound infection, and many of the major complications were related to small-bowel obstruction and atelectasis. The incidence of complications was significantly lower in patients operated on during the last 6 years of the study (1987–1992). The complication rate was lower in patients who underwent modified unilateral procedures than in those who had bilateral dissections. The ejaculation rate of patients undergoing nervesparing procedures was 98%. This study reinforces the conclusion that primary retroperitoneal lymph-node dissection is an operation yielding minimal morbidity and no long-standing effect.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00192272
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Quantitative DNA measurement by flow cytometry and image analysis of human nonseminomatous germ cell testicular tumors (1994)
    Springer
    Urological research 22 (1994), S. 213-220 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-0879
    Keywords: Testicular cancer ; DNA content ; Flow cytometry ; Image analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Current clinical staging, which includes the use of serum tumor markers and imaging techniques, fails to identify the 30–40% of clinical stage I (CS I) nonseminomatous germ cell testicular tumor (NSGCT) patients who have occult metastatic disease. Therefore, there is a real clinical need to evaluate new biological parameters of the primary tumor that might be useful as predictors of occult metastatic disease. This study was undertaken to compare quantitative DNA measurements by flow cytometry and image analysis in CS I NSGCT, and to analyze the relevance of these parameters for predicting occult lymph node involvement. Different blocks of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded NSGCTs of 62 CS I patients who underwent retroperitoneal lymph node dissection between 1985 and 1989 were prepared according to the Hedley technique, and analyzed by quantitative cytometry. Thirty-six (58.1%) patients had histologically proven lymph node involvement (pathological stage II), whereas 26 (41.9%) patients (pathological stage I) had neither lymph node metastases according to retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (RPLND) specimens nor tumor recurrence during follow-up. Concordant results were found in 76.5% of the samples by both cytometric techniques. For flow cytometry, the percentages of aneuploid cells in the S- and the G2M+S-phase were the most robust predictive parameters for lymph node involvement, whereas for image analysis the 5c exceeding rate (5cER) had the most predictive significance. Based on the experience obtained in this study, both cytometric techniques provide additional information on tumor aggressiveness that might be useful in therapeutic selection of early stage NSGCT patients for either RPLND or surveillance only.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00541895
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Prognostic factors in patients with pathological stage I non-seminomatous testicular germ cell tumors and tumor recurrence during follow-up (1995)
    Springer
    Urological research 23 (1995), S. 211-213 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-0879
    Keywords: Non-seminomatous testicular germ cell tumors ; Tumor recurrence ; Prognostic parameters ; Flow cytometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Clinical staging in patients with stage I nonseminomatous germ cell tumors (NSGCTs) of the testis fails in 30% to correctly assess pathological stage since microscopic and small-volume retroperitoneal disease is not detectable on computed tomography of the abdomen. Patients staged by retroperitoneal lymph node dissection as pathological stage I incur a distant (chest or serological) tumor relapse rate of 7–15% during follow-up. Recently, we reported on new risk factors as predictors of pathological stage by flow cytometric DNA analysis in clinical stage I patients. These same methods were applied to a group of 14 pathological stage I patients who subsequently had either chest or serological recurrence. The findings in this group of patients were compared with those in a group of 47 pathological stage I patients who did not experience recurrence. In pathological stage I NSGCT patients with distant (chest or serological) tumor relapse, we found by histological evaluation and DNA analysis of the original orchiectomy specimen proliferative tumor activity to be significantly predictive of relapse. Much as proliferative activity of the primary tumor is predictive of retroperitoneal metastasis, it may be a predictor of recurrence in pathological stage I patients.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00393300
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stage II nonseminomatous germ-cell testicular tumors — the Indiana experience and risk-benefit analysis (1994)
    Springer
    World journal of urology 12 (1994), S. 143-146 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-8726
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Controversy exists in the appropriate management of patients with nonseminomatous testicular cancer presenting as clinical stage B disease. Traditional treatment in the United States has included retroperitoneal lymph-node dissection (RPLND). Conversely, in Europe and other places some of these patients have been managed with primary chemotherapy. The experience with RPLND in clinical stage B disease at Indiana University from 1965 to 1989 was reviewed. A total of 174 patients were considered to be in clinical stage B prior to RPLND. After RPLND, 23% of these patients (n=41) were found to have pathological stage A disease. In all, 77% (n=133) were determined to be in pathological stage B. Of those pathological stage B patients who did not receive adjuvant chemotherapy, 65% were cured by RPLND alone. The pathological stage B patients who went on the receive postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy displayed an overall 14% chance of relapse. (Patients treated early in the series did not receive cisplatin-based chemotherapy.) The overall survival over the entire period was 96%. In the more modern era, during which cisplatin-based chemotherapy was available, the overall survival was 98%. RPLND is an effective procedure for the management of clinical stage B nonseminomatous testicular cancer. It provides excellent survival in patients found to have pathological stage B disease; additionally, it avoids the unnecessary toxicity of chemotherapy in the 23% of patients who in fact are in pathological stage A.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00192274
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Vascular considerations in postchemotherapy (1994)
    Springer
    World journal of urology 12 (1994), S. 182-186 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-8726
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A total of 42 patients underwent inferior vena cava resection (n=40) or intraluminal tumor thrombectomy (n=2) during retroperitoneal lymph-node dissection (RPLND) for bulky abdominal metastatic nonseminomatous germ-cell cancer (7% of all postchemotherapy RPLND cases). The three indications for caval resection included tumor clearance (38%), caval scar occlusion (14%), and caval tumor thrombus (48%). En bloc caval resection to achieve tumor clearance was justified by subsequent nodal pathology (cancer in 63% of specimens, teratoma in 31% specimens). Caval resection in the presence of scar occlusion was required de facto by virtue of its incorporation in the specimen. Caval resection or thrombectomy is indicated for intraluminal tumor thrombus because thrombus pathology (cancer, 35%; teratoma, 45%; fibrosis, 20%) reflected nodal pathology in 71% of cancer cases, 78% of teratoma cases, and 100% of fibrosis cases. The complications of caval resection were generally transitory. The 71% survival rate justifies this intensive surgical approach because these patients had exhausted all chemotherapeutic options.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00185668
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stage I nonseminomatous germ-cell testicular cancer — management options and risk-benefit considerations (1994)
    Springer
    World journal of urology 12 (1994), S. 170-176 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-8726
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The results obtained with primary retroperitoneal lymph-node dissection (RPLND) in 464 patients with clinical stage A nonseminomatous germ-cell (NSGC) testicular cancer over a period of 25 years (1965–1989) were reviewed. Results were analyzed in clinical terms and subdivided into early (1965–1978) and contemporary (1979–1989) findings so as to be comparable with series using radiotherapy or surveillance. Between 1965 and 1978 (86 clinical stage A patients), the overall relapse rate of 15% (n=13) was similar to that obtained in radiotherapy series but the survival (98.8% after RPLND) was superior to that achieved with irradiation (87%). From 1979 to 1989, 378 clinical stage A cases had primary RPLND, of whom 29% (n=111) had cancerous nodes. The relapse rate for pathological stage A patients (n=267) was 11% and two patients died. The rate of relapse for pathological stage B patients who did not receive adjuvant chemotherapy was 32%. No relapse was seen among 46 pathological stage B patients given postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy. The mortality of 0.7% observed among 378 clinical stage A RPLND cases was lower than the 2% value reported in surveillance series. Although not statistically significant, these consistent results reported for two eras (pre- and postplatinum) spanning a period of 25 years suggest a sound basis for the surgical approach. The anatomic and medical principles in oncology, which have supported this approach, remain cogent today. They are discussed herein. Now that nerve-sparing techniques have been developed, the one long-term morbidity of RPLND (i.e., anejaculation) can be avoided. It would seem appropriate to have nerve-sparing RPLND techniques in any armamentarium dealing with clinical stage A disease.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00185665
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