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  • 1995-1999  (1)
  • 1985-1989  (4)
  • Chemistry  (3)
  • Reduced frequency breathing  (2)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Delayed appearance of blood lactate with reduced frequency breathing during exercise (1988)
    Springer
    European journal of applied physiology 57 (1988), S. 462-466 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Keywords: Reduced frequency breathing ; Hypoventilation ; Lactate removal ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The purpose of the present study was to investigate the blood lactate (LA−) responses to hypoventilation induced by reduced frequency breathing (RFB) during recovery from exercise. Five male subject performed 16 4 min cycling bouts alternating with 16 min rest periods. Exercise intensities were chosen at power outputs corresponding to 30% $$\dot V_{{\text{O}}_{{\text{2 max}}} } $$ at 2mMLA−, $$\dot V_{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}} } $$ at 4 mMLA−, and 90% $$\dot V_{{\text{O}}_{{\text{2 max}}} } $$ in each subject. Breathing frequency was voluntarily controlled starting 10 s before each 3rd min of exercise and maintained throughout the rest of the exercise period. Four different breathing patterns at each exercise intensity were used: normal breathing (NB), breathing every 4 s, breathing every 8 s, and maximal RFB. Except for the NB trials, subjects held their breath at functional residual capacity during each breathing interval. The concentration difference of LA− between the 3rd min sample and the 4th min sample was defined as the lactate change during exercise (Δ LA−ex), and that between the 4th min sample and the sample at the 3rd min after the end of the exercise as the lactate change during recovery (Δ LA−rec). An ANOVA showed significant (p〈0.05) differences in breathing procedures only in ΔLA−rec. ΔLA−rec seemed to increase as compared to NB only at $$\dot V_{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}} } $$ at 4 mMLA− and 90% $$\dot V_{{\text{O}}_{{\text{2 max}}} } $$ , while ΔLA−ex remained unchanged as compared to NB in spite of reduced ∵V A. These results might indicate that RFB inhibited lactate removal from working muscles during exercise.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00417994
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of reduced frequency breathing on arterial hypoxemia during exercise (1987)
    Springer
    European journal of applied physiology 56 (1987), S. 522-527 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Keywords: Reduced frequency breathing ; Arterial hypoxemia ; Exercise
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary It is uncertain that exercise with reduced frequency breathing (RFB) results in arterial hypoxemia. This study was designed to investigate whether RFB during exercise creates a true hypoxic condition in arterial blood by examining arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2) directly. Six subjects performed ten 30 s periods of exercise on a Monark bicycle ergometer at a work rate of 210 W alternating with 30 s rest intervals. The breath was controlled to use 1 s each for inspiration and expiration, and two trials with different breathing patterns were used; a continuous breathing (CB) trial and an RFB trial consisting of four seconds of breath-holding at functional residual capacity (FRC). Alveolar oxygen pressure during exercise showed a slight but significant (p〈0.05) reduction with RFB as compared to CB. However, a marked increase in alveolar-arterial pressure difference for oxygen (A-aDO2) (p〈0.05) with RFB over CB resulted in a marked (p〈0.05) reduction in arterial oxygen pressure. Consequently, SaO2 fell as low as 88.8% on average. Additional examination of RFB with breath-holding at total lung capacity showed no increases in A-aDO2 in spite of the same amount of hypoventilation as compared with that at FRC. These results indicate that RFB during exercise can result in arterial hypoxemia if RFB is performed with breath-holding at FRC, this mechanism being closely related to the mechanical responses due to lung volume restriction.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00635364
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hofmann degradation of acrylamide copolymer: Synthesis of amine functionalized thermoplastic hydrogel (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 61 (1996), S. 351-358 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The amine functionalization of an acrylamide copolymer was achieved via Hofmann degradation. The starting material, poly(acrylamide-co-methyl methacrylate), was synthesized by radical precipitation polymerization. Using this copolymer, Hofmann degradation at 0°C in a water-dioxane mixture was done using sodium hypochlorite and NaOH. The resulting hydrogel could be dissolved in water-tetrahydrofuran mixtures, and the cast film had a water content of 73%. It was found that the conversion to primary amine was lower, and the extent of a side reaction was higher, compared to those of an acrylamide homopolymer. This was presumed to be due to the lack of the neighboring group effect among acrylamide units since it was a random copolymer. Further modification of this polymer by reacting the amine group is considered to obtain the desired properties for biomedical applications. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Studies of tetrazoles as rubber chemicals. II. Reactivities and antioxidation activities of reactive antioxidants based on tetrazoles (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 4201-4201 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1985.070301022
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Recent progress of photo and radiation-induced ionic polymerizations (1985)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 13 (1985), S. 191-202 
    Details
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Recently there has been a growth of interest in the use of diaryliodonium salts (Ar2I+X-), triarylsulfonium salts (Ar3S+X-) and triarylselenonium salts (Ar3Se+X-) as photochemical initiator for cationic polymerizations. It is suggested by Ledwith that electron transfer to these cations results in fragmentation with the formation of aryl radicals and if the reducing species is a suitable free radical, a chain reaction for formation of cation will occur.We carried out radiation-induced polymerization of α-methyl-styrene in dichloromethane and bulk cyclohexene oxide in the presence of triphenyliodonium salt (C6H5)2 (I+PF-). Polymerization of these monomers was observed in the presence of these salts (G(-M)⋍ 1300), while no polymer was obtained in the absence of salts. Postpolymerization was negligibly small. This polymerization is considered to be initiated by the reaction of free radicals produced by radiation with cation salts and to proceed by cationic mechanism, since α-methylstyrene polymerized by ionic mechanism but hardly polymerizes by radical mechanism and this polymerization was suppressed in the presence of a small amount of water. The initiation mechanism of this polymerization was investigated by the use of pulse radiolysis technique.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.1985.020131985114
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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