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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Community dentistry and oral epidemiology 16 (1988), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1600-0528
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract No formal analyses comparing the treatment alternatives of replacing a failed amalgam with either another amalgam or crown have been done to determine the optimum treatment strategy based on lifetime costs to the patient. Using decision analysis, a computer model was developed of the lifetime restorative needs of an adult's posterior tooth. A cost-effectiveness analysis of large amalgams vs crowns was then done to determine the optimum strategy. According to the analyses, the optimum treatment decision is to attempt to replace the failed first amalgam with another amalgam, instead of with a crown. When this amalgam restoration fails, then the subsequent replacement may be with a crown. Potential lifetime cost savings were between 11% and 24% if the first replacement was an amalgam. This study concludes that the technique of decision analysis provides the dental community with an effective evaluation tool for the study of clinical decision-making, taking into account all levels of clinical uncertainty.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Monatsschrift Kinderheilkunde 144 (1996), S. 1078-1086 
    ISSN: 1433-0474
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Harnstoffzyklusdefekte ; Hämodialyse ; Peritonealdialyse ; Benzoat ; Phenylbutyrat ; Key words Urea cycle defects ; Hemodialysis ; Peritoneal dialysis ; Benzoate ; Phenylbutyrate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Background: Clinical courses of eight patients with urea cycle disorders (deficiencies of carbamylphosphate-synthetase (4), argininosuccinate-synthetase (2) and argininosuccinate-lyase (2) ) are described. Methods/Therapy: Emergency treatment consisted of benzoate and arginine i. v. as well as peritoneal dialysis and/or modified hemodialysis. Chronic treatment comprised a low-protein diet and substitution of essential amino acids, of benzoate or phenylbutyrate and of branched-chain amino acids. Results: Within 72 hours after birth hyperammonemic coma with cerebral edema developed, leading to developmental retardation later in life. Four patients died between 2 weeks and 4 years of age. During follow-up, all patients suffered hyperammonemic derangements treated conservatively. Phenylbutyrate had less gastrointestinal side-effects than benzoate, branched-chain amino acids had favourable effects. One patient was treated conservatively since birth followed by a normal development. Conclusions: Neonatal respiratory distress with alkalosis and rapid global deterioration should raise the suspicion of a urea cycle disorder. Specific therapy as described can be life-saving, although most children exhibit marked developmental delay. Long-term prognosis is poor. Sodium phenylbutyrate has fewer side-effects than sodium benzoate. Therapy prior to cerebral edema can prevent complications.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Fragestellung: Es werden die Verläufe von 8 Patienten mit Störungen der Harnstoffsynthese [Carbamylphosphatsynthetasemangel (4), Citrullinämie (2) und Argininosuccinatlyasemangel (2) ] beschrieben. Methode/Therapieprinzipien: Akuttherapie: Na-Benzoat und Arginin i. v., dazu Peritonealdialyse und/oder Hämodiafiltration. Lanfristige Therapie: proteinreduzierte Ernährung, Substitution essentieller Aminosäuren, Na-Benzoat bzw. Na-Phenylbutyrat oral, Substitution von verzweigtkettigen Aminosäuren. Ergebnisse: Spätestens 3 Tage post partum entwickelte sich nach initialer Alkalose ein hyperammonämisches Koma mit Hirnödem, das zu deutlichen Residualschäden führte. Vier Patienten verstarben zwischen der 2. Lebenswoche und dem 4. Lebensjahr aus unterschiedlichen Gründen. Hyperammonämien traten bei allen Patienten auf und ließen sich konservativ beherrschen. Na-Phenylbutyrat verursachte weniger gastrointestinale Nebenwirkungen als Na-Benzoat, verzweigtkettige Aminosäuren hatten einen positiven Effekt. Ein Patient wurde vom 1. Lebenstag an medikamentös behandelt, die Entwicklung verlief altersgerecht. Schlußfolgerung: Die Symptome Alkalose, respiratorische Insuffizienz und eine schnelle Verschlechterung des Allgemeinzustands bei Neugeborenen sollten an einen Harnstoffzyklusdefekt denken lassen. Medikamentöse Therapie und die Kombination aus Peritoneal- und Hämodiafiltration sind primär lebenserhaltend. Deutliche Residualschäden sind die Regel, die Überlebensprognose ist eingeschränkt. Na-Phenylbutyrat hat weniger Nebenwirkungen als Na-Benzoat. Therapiebeginn vor dem neonatalen Hirnödem kann Komplikationen verhindern.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-1203
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Systemic carnitine deficiency is a potentially lethal, autosomal recessive disorder characterized by cardiomyopathy, myopathy, recurrent episodes of hypoketotic hypoglycemia, hyperammonemia, and failure to thrive. This form of carnitine deficiency is caused by a defect in the active cellular uptake of carnitine, and the gene encoding the high affinity carnitine transporter OCTN2 has recently been shown to be mutated in patients suffering from this disorder. Here, we report the underlying molecular defect in three unrelated patients. Two patients were homozygous for the same missense mutation 632A→G, which changes the tyrosine at amino acid position 211 into a cysteine (Y211C). The third patient was homozygous for a nonsense mutation, 844C→T, which converts the arginine at amino acid position 282 into a stop codon (R282X). Reintroduction of wild-type OCTN2 cDNA into fibroblasts of the three patients by transient transfection restored the cellular carnitine uptake, confirming that mutations in OCTN2 are the cause of systemic carnitine deficiency.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of pediatrics 154 (1995), S. S50 
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Galactitol ; Galactose ; Classical galactosemia ; Compound heterozygote ; Dietary treatment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Urinary galactose and galactitol excretion in controls is age-dependent with the highest concentrations at a younger age. Untreated patients with classical galactosemia excreted highly elevated amounts of galactitol (8000–69 000 mmol/mol creatinine; controls 3–81) which did not correlate with galactose excretion. After treatment, galactose excretion returned to normal in all patients whereas galactitol excretion (45–900 mmol/mol creatinine) remained above the age-matched control range. The excretion of galactitol (96–170 mmol/mol creatinine) in untreated compound heterozygotes was much lower although still above the age-matched control levels, and it returned to normal after treatment. In untreated classical galactosemia patients the galactitol in plasma (120–500 μmol/l) was markedly elevated (controls 0.08–0.86 μmol/l); under treatment, the galactitol concentrations (4.7–20 μmol/l) remained above the control range in all. There was no correlation with age nor with galactose-1-phosphate and UDP-galactose levels. Two untreated compound heterozygotes had elevated plasma galactitol (6.0 and 63 μmol/l) which, when treated, returned to normal.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1573-2665
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1573-2665
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract It has recently been recognized that D-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria is a distinct neurometabolic disorder with a severe and a mild phenotype. Whereas the clinical and neuroimaging findings of the severe phenotype were homogeneous among the patients, the findings in the mild phenotype were much more variable, leaving the clinical picture poorly defined. We were able to collect the clinical, biochemical and neuroimaging data on an additional 8 patients with D-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria, 4 with the severe and 4 with the mild phenotype. With the new information, it becomes clear that the mild phenotype shares the essential characteristics of the severe phenotype. The most frequent findings, regardless of the clinical phenotype, are epilepsy, hypotonia and psychomotor retardation. Additional findings, mainly occurring in the severe phenotype, are episodic vomiting, cardiomyopathy, inspiratory stridor and apnoeas. The most consistent MRI finding is enlargement of the lateral ventricles, occipital more than frontal. Regardless of the clinical phenotype, early MRI shows in addition subependymal cysts and signs of delayed cerebral maturation. Later MRI may reveal multifocal cerebral white-matter abnormalities. Two patients had vascular abnormalities, but it is as yet unclear whether these are related to D-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria or are incidental findings.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1573-2665
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary We describe a simple method for the detection of biotinidaseK m-variants and detailed biochemical investigations in 5 such patient. They were detected among 103 patients with plasma biotinidase activity which ranged from undetectable to 30% of the mean normal value. Two different types of biotinidaseK m-variants were found. (1) In 3 infants biotinidase had a single 105–430-fold elevatedK m for biocytin. Biotinidase showed very low activities (0.2–4% of the mean normal value) in the routine colorimetric assay and was not functionalin vivo. Accordingly, these patients presented with classical clinical illness. (2) In two patients biotinidase showed biphasic kinetics indicating the presence of one component with a normalK m and reducedV max (1.7% and 12%), and another with 330- and 59-fold elevatedK m, respectively. In these two patients, biotinidase proved to be at least partially functionalin vivo. However, the first patient developed severe symptoms and biotin deficiency late, at the age of 10–15 years, and the second had marginal biotin deficiency at the age of 2 years but no clinical symptoms. Comparative studies revealed that both patients had more severe biotin deficiency than age-matched patients with similar levels of residual biotinidase activity and a single normalK m. Therefore, all patients with residual biotinidase activity should be evaluated for the presence of aK m-mutation, since such patients should be treated with biotin. These can easily be detected by including a second substrate concentration (1.5 mmol/L) in the routine colorimetric biotinidase assay which is performed with 0.15 mmol/L biotin. Increased activity with the higher substrate concentration indicates the presence of aK m-mutation. Detailed kinetic studies are needed to evaluate the distinct forms ofK m-variants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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