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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Changes in plant population density, composition and sward structure of a hill pasture during a pastoral fallow (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Grass and forage science 52 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Appropriate pre-sowing methods for the introduction of improved forage legume and grass germplasm are an important issue for hill pasture improvement in New Zealand. A pastoral fallow, which involves not defoliating pasture for a period generally from late spring/early summer to autumn, could create a potentially favourable environment for introducing improved germplasm. A field study was conducted on two aspects (shady and sunny) of moist, low-fertility hill country with or without added fertilizer (phosphorus and sulphur) in the southern North Island of New Zealand, to investigate the changes in plant population density and sward structure during a full or partial pastoral fallow, compared with a rotationally grazed pasture. A 7-month (October to May) pastoral fallow dramatically decreased the densities of grass tillers by 72% (P 〈 0·01), white clover (Trifolium repens L.) growing points by 87% (P 〈 0·01) and other species by 87% (P 〈 0·05). The decline in tiller density by pastoral fallow was enhanced on the shady aspect. Fertilizer application increased white clover growing-point density on the shady aspect (P 〈 0·05) and grass tiller density on the sunny aspect (P 〈 0·05). Decreased plant density during pastoral fallowing was attributed to aboveground biomass accumulation, which altered sward structure, leading to interplant competition and mortality by self-thinning and completion of the life cycle of some matured plants. The plant size-density relationship during pastoral fallowing in this mixed-species sward followed the serf-thinning rule, particularly when the calculation was based on all plant species rather than grass alone. There was no significant (P 〉 0·05) difference in final plant population density between the 7-month pastoral fallow and a shorter term (October to December) pastoral fallow. It is concluded that pastoral fallowing effectively reduced the plant population density and altered sward structure of a hill pasture. Such changes create a more favourable environment for the introduction of improved forage species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1997.tb02349.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Regrowth, morphology and persistence of Grasslands Puna chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) in response to grazing frequency and intensity (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Grass and forage science 52 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Effects of different grazing frequencies and intensities on herbage production (on both a unit pasture and individual plant basis) and on persistence of chicory (Cichorium intybus L. cv. Grasslands Puna) were studied at Palmerston North, New Zealand (latitude 40°23′S) from November 1994 to November 1995. Three experiments were conducted on the same chicory stand, sown on 12 May 1994. The main grazing experiment had two grazing intensities, hard-lax grazing (50- to 100-mm stem stubble to mid-January, and thereafter 100- to 150-mm stem stubble) and lax grazing (100- to 150-mm stem stubble), and three grazing frequencies (1-, 2- or 4-week intervals). A subsidiary plant survival experiment compared the survival of 120 marked plants in ungrazed and grazed treatments. A late autumn grazing experiment examined the effects on plant persistence in the following spring. The greatest herbage mass (leaf + stem) resulted from the 4-week grazing frequency [9640 ± 874 kg dry matter (DM) ha−1], in which stem mass was reasonably low (1270 ± 410 kg DM ha−1), but was significantly higher in the 4-week grazing frequency than 1- and 2-week grazing frequencies (P 〈 0·01). Grazing intensity had no significant effect except on the average stem mass of individual plants when the hard-lax intensity gave a lower stem mass (P 〈 0·01). There were no interactions between grazing frequency and intensity in herbage mass. Plant density declined by 35% over the growing season with the decline unaffected by grazing intensity or frequency during the season. Grazing in late autumn resulted in approximately 27% less plants the following spring. It was concluded that grazing management through the growing season cannot be used to improve persistence without compromising leaf growth rate, but that avoidance of grazing late autumn will improve the persistence of chicory.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2494.1997.00051.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Diet overlap in a piscivore community (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ecology of freshwater fish 6 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0633
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract— We examined prey selection of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides), smallmouth bass (M. dolomieu), and yellow perch (Percaftavescens) by comparing diet overlap in a small, unexploited lake in Michigan, USA from 1988 to 1990. Niche hypervolume principles were applied to diet data as a means of assessing diet space for each species and the community as a whole. Largemouth bass occupied the largest proportion of community diet space (70.2%), followed by smallmouth bass (44.2%), and yellow perch (21.7%). The majority of community diet space (58.8%) was occupied by a single species, and 41.2% was shared by ≥ 2 species. Diet overlap was assessed by measuring the amount of diet space of one species occupied by the other species. Our analyses demonstrated that diet partitioning in a three species piscivore community is reflected in different use of the prey resource by co-occurring species. Niche overlap of largemouth bass with smallmouth bass and yellow perch is strongly asymmetric, largely due to the ability of largemouth bass to effectively consume prey of terrestrial origin.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0633.1997.tb00156.x
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  • 4
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    Heikkilä, J. "Kansallista luokkapoolitiikkaa: Sosiaalidemokraatit ja Suomen autonomi-anpuolustus 1905-1917" (Book Review) (1995)
    London, etc. : Periodicals Archive Online (PAO)
    Slavonic and East European review. 73:2 (1995:Apr.) 345 
    Details
    ISSN: 0037-6795
    Topics: History , Slavonic Studies
    Notes: REVIEWS
    URL: http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&res_dat=xri:pao:&rft_dat=xri:pao:article:0072-1995-073-02-000042
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fungal pretreatment by Phanerochaete chrysosporium to reduce the inhibition of methanogenesis by dehydroabietic acid (1998)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 49 (1998), S. 538-544 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract The white-rot basidiomycete Phanerochaete chrysosporium BKM-F-1767 was tested for its capacity to degrade dehydroabietic acid (DHA). In anaerobic treatment, this molecule is the most recalcitrant member of the resin acid group, which is known to cause operational problems to anaerobic reactors treating pulp and paper industry wastewaters. In this study the effect of DHA on different parameters, such as growth, ligninolytic enzyme activity, extracellular protein production as well as both glycerol and ammonium consumption by the fungus, was determined. Although the above parameters were affected by the addition of DHA, the results show that the fungus could still produce significant titres of ligninolytic enzymes. The fungus removed 47% of the DHA initially present in the static culture, after 10 days of incubation. Anaerobic toxicity assays showed that the treatment of DHA with P. chrysosporium reduced the methanogenesis and acetogenesis inhibition caused by DHA and allowed improved methane production by the anaerobic bacteria.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002530051210
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Functional interpretation of archaeobotanical data: Making hay in the archaeological record (1999)
    Springer
    Vegetation history and archaeobotany 8 (1999), S. 261-271 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-6278
    Keywords: Hay ; Meadow ; Pasture ; Archaeobotany ; Europe ; Farming history
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Archaeology , Biology
    Notes: Abstract Hay malting and hay meadows have long been of fundamental ecological, economic and social importance in temperate Europe. A variety of archaeological sources suggests that hay making may date back to the Iron Age, but direct archaeobotanical evidence for this practice is problematic. Past grassland communities are imperfectly represented and preserved in archaeobotanical assemblages, and ancient meadow and pasture communities may not resemble present-day communities in terms of management practices or botanical composition. This paper explores the potential of ‘FIBS’ (Functional Interpretation of Botanical Surveys) in the archaeobotanical investigation of ancient grassland management. The botanical composition of present-day grassland communities was analysed in terms of functional attributes (e.g. canopy height) relevant to cutting, grazing and habitat productivity. The utility of these attributes for distinguishing between present-day meadow, pasture and unmanaged grassland communities has been evaluated. Similar analyses were performed on archaeobotanical data from Neolithic to post-Medieval northwestern and central Europe. Functional shifts over time, interpreted in the light of the functional analysis of modern grassland, suggest that hay-making was well established by the Iron Age. Avenues are suggested for the refinement and further development of the FIBS methodology in the archaeobotanical investigation of grassland management.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01291778
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An index of weed size for assessing the soil productivity of ancient crop fields (1998)
    Springer
    Vegetation history and archaeobotany 7 (1998), S. 17-22 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-6278
    Keywords: Weed ecology ; Crop husbandry ; Soil productivity ; Functional attributes ; CSR strategy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Archaeology , Biology
    Notes: Abstract A method is presented for generating data on archaeological weed species relevant to soil productivity and consequently crop husbandry. Three plant attributes (maximum canopy height, maximum canopy spread and maximum dry leaf weight per node) which are functionally related to habitat productivity were measured for 161 British annual species. These three attributes were combined to produce an index of weed size. Index values were found to differ significantly between character species of phytosociological classes from fertile and infertile habitats and to provide an objective assessment of CSR (Competitor/Stress-tolerator/Ruderal) strategysensu Grime (1974, 1979). Further work is required, however, to distinguish ‘medium-sized’ species that exploit highly disturbed and productive habitats from those of less disturbed and less productive situations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01393414
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of pastoral fallow on plant root growth and soil physical and chemical characteristics in a hill pasture (1997)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 197 (1997), S. 201-208 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: air permeability ; hydraulic conductivity ; pastoral fallow ; root biomass ; soil moisture ; soil nutrient
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Pastoral fallowing over a growing season (October–May) has a profound effect on standing biomass and sward structure, and should have an impact on below ground plant growth and soil biological activities. Two field studies were conducted to compare the effects of pastoral fallow with rotational grazing on root growth and soil physical and chemical properties. Root growth and distribution was altered by pastoral fallowing and there was significantly (P 〈 0.01) less root biomass at 0–50 mm depth of soil in the fallowed sward than the grazed sward. Compared with the grazed treatment, pastoral fallow increased soil air permeability at 500 mm tension by 38%, saturated hydraulic conductivity by 26%, unsaturated hydraulic conductivity at 20 mm tension by 67% and soil moisture by 10–15%, and reduced soil bulk density by 11%. Fallowing had little effect on soil nutrients both at the end of fallowing, except for small reductions in K and Mineral N levels at 0–75 mm soil depth, and two to three years after fallowing.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004249613045
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Variation in condensed tannin concentration of a temperate grass (Holcus lanatus) in relation to season and reproductive development (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 21 (1995), S. 1103-1112 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Condensed tannin ; Holcus lanatus ; flowering ; vegetative ; seasonal variation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Holcus lanatus, a temperate grass, was found to contain low but measurable concentrations of condensed tannins (CT), according to the vanillin-HCl and the butanol-HCl methods. The variation in CT concentrations between different types of tissue including leaf age and reproductive versus nonreproductive tissue was examined. There was no evidence that floral tissue contained more CT than nonreproductive tissue. A sequential extraction and analysis procedure showed a decreasing proportion of free-unbound CT and greater preponderance of protein-bound and fiber-bound CT with increasing leaf age and in dead matter. Samples collected from an agricultural pasture on two sampling dates, January 24 and March 5, 1993, showed short-term temporal variation in free-unbound CT.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02228314
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