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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Axonal injury and peripheral nerve grafting in the thalamus and cerebellum of the adult rat: upregulation of c-jun and correlation with regenerative potential (1998)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of neuroscience 10 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-9568
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The protooncogene c-jun is highly expressed for long periods in axotomized PNS neurons. This may be related to their growth and regeneration. In contrast, axotomized CNS neurons show only a small and transient upregulation of c-jun. It has been suggested that there may be a correlation between this failure to maintain high levels of c-jun expression after axotomy and abortive CNS axonal regeneration. We have studied, by in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry, the c-jun response after stab wound lesion, and after peripheral nerve grafting in the thalamus and cerebellum of the adult rat. A lesion elicits upregulation of c-jun in thalamic neurons ipsilateral to the lesion. This is most evident and prolonged in neurons such as those of the thalamic reticular nucleus, which have an established propensity to regenerate. After peripheral nerve grafting, the c-jun response in thalamic neurons is enhanced, mostly in neurons which have axons regenerating along the grafts. These neurons also upregulate growth-associated protein 43 (GAP-43). By comparison, injured Purkinje cells of the cerebellum which do not regenerate their axons along a graft, do not upregulate either c-jun or GAP-43, although they increase their expression of p75. Thus CNS neurons able to regenerate their axons along a peripheral nerve graft are those in which c-jun is induced after injury, and c-jun may play a critical role in the control of gene programs for axonal regeneration. Moreover, the observed differences in the ability of CNS neurons to regenerate their axons may relate to a difference in their intrinsic molecular response to axotomy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1460-9568.1998.00282.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Relatively high levels of dopamine in nucleus accumbens of levodopa treated patients with Parkinson's disease (1982)
    Springer
    Journal of neural transmission 54 (1982), S. 129-134 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1463
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The dopamine levels were found to be low in the putamen and relatively high in the nucleus accumbens in two Parkinson disease patients treated with levodopa up to the time of their deaths. Tyrosine hydroxylase immunocytochemistry revealed a severe degeneration of the nigro-striatal dopamine neuronal system in both postmortem brains. The relatively high dopamine levels in the nucleus accumbens may be responsible for the occurrence of dyskinesias.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01249286
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Postnatal development of ipsilateral retino-geniculate projections in normal albino rats and the effects of removal of one eye at birth (1984)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 170 (1984), S. 71-78 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Retino-geniculate projection ; Development ; Enucleation ; Horseradish peroxidase ; Albino rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The postnatal development of ipsilateral retinofugal projections to the lateral geniculate body in normal albino rats, and in rats unilaterally enucleated at birth has been examined. At postnatal ages ranging from 1 day to 6 months, horseradish peroxidase was injected into one eye of normal rats and into the remaining eye of neonatally enucleated animals. After approximately 20 hours, the animals were perfused, the brains sectioned and reaction product visualised using tetramethylbenzidine. Ipsilateral retinal projections to the lateral geniculate body in normal animals were extensive on postnatal day 1 and became reduced over the next few days, the adult pattern being established between days 9 and 12. In the enucleated group, the terminal fields of the ipsilateral projections to the lateral geniculate body from the remaining eye remained larger and displayed a greater density of terminal labelling than in age-matched controls. In addition, the ipsilateral terminal field in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus occupied a more lateral position than in control animals. These findings support previous suggestions that the abnormally large ipsilateral retino-fugal projections observed in adult rats following removal of one eye, at or close to, birth, result from a failure of the ipsilateral projection to become restricted and that terminal or preterminal sprouting of retinal axons may also make a small contribution to the formation of the exuberant ipsilateral projection.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00319460
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cholinergic projections to the anterior thalamic nuclei in the rat: a combined retrograde tracing and choline acetyl transferase immunohistochemical study (1995)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 192 (1995), S. 335-349 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Anterior thalamus ; Laterodorsal tegmental nucleus ; Pedunculopontine nucleus ; Cholinergic neurons Double-labelling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was combined with choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) immunohistochemistry to study cholinergic projections to the anterior thalamic nuclei in the rat. Small iontophoretic injections of HRP placed into different subdivisions of the anterior thalamic nuclear complex resulted in distinct patterns of retrograde labelling in two major cholinergic cell groups of the mesopontine tegmentum, the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus (LDTg), in which a majority of the labelled cells was located, and the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPT). After injections into the posterior subdivision of the anteroventral thalamic nucleus (AVp), double-labelled neurons were present predominantly in the ipsilateral LDTg while a smaller number was found in the PPT. In the ipsilateral LDTg, 60–70% of ChAT-positive neurons were HRP-labelled, and 90–95% of the HRP-labelled neurons were ChAT-positive. In the contralateral LDTg, 30–40% of ChAT-positive neurons were HRP-labelled. After injections in the medial subdivision of the anteroventral thalamic nucleus (AVm), the pattern of labelling in LDTg was similar to that detected after injections in the AVp. The number of double-labelled neurons in the LDTg and PPT was much lower after injections into AVm than after injections into AVp. When injections were confined to the anterodorsal thalamic nucleus (AD), no HRP-labelled cells were present in the LDTg or PPT. These results show that the LDTg and PPT are the sources of the cholinergic input to the rat anterior thalamus. The major projection from LDTg and PPT is to the AVp, whereas there is a lighter cholinergic projection to the AVm. The AD does not receive a projection from cholinergic cells in the mesopontine tegmentum.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00710103
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evidence for collateral projections to the retrosplenial granular cortex and thalamic reticular nucleus from glutamate and/or aspartate-containing neurons of the anterior thalamic nuclei in the rat (1997)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 116 (1997), S. 63-72 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Key words Amino acid immunocytochemistry ; Axon collateralization ; Thalamus ; Fluorescent tracers ; Limbic system ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Small, stereotaxically guided injections of true blue (TB) were made into the retrosplenial granular cortex (RSg) and of diamidino yellow (DY) into the dorsal portion of the rostral pole of the thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN) in 16 adult rats to determine whether axons projecting from the anterior thalamic nuclear complex (ATN) to the TRN are branches of axons also projecting to the RSg. Following injections of the fluorescent dyes, serial coronal sections of the brain revealed single retrogradely labelled, and large numbers of double retrogradely labelled neuronal cell bodies in the ipsilateral anteroventral and anterodorsal nuclei and smaller numbers in the anteromedial nucleus of the ATN complex. In a se- cond series of six adult rats with similar double injections of TB and DY, two sections in three were immunoreacted, one with antiserum against glutamate and one with antiserum against aspartate, using indirect immunofluorescence with rhodamine to detect reactive cells. The great majority of both single and double retrogradely labelled cell bodies were also immunoreactive for aspartate or glutamate. In addition, a moderate to small number of non-immunolabelled neurons projecting to the TRN and/or to the RSg were also found in all three nuclei of the ATN complex. These results are compatible with the possibility that large numbers of neurons in the ATN send axonal branches to both the RSg and the TRN, and that many such neurons use glutamate and/or aspartate as transmitters. The findings also suggest that the projections from the ATN might be heterogeneous with respect to transmitter phenotype.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00005745
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Immunoelectron microscopic study of γ-aminobutyric acid inputs to identified thalamocortical projection neurons in the anterior thalamus of the rat (1999)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 126 (1999), S. 369-382 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Key words Anterodorsal thalamic nucleus ; Anteroventral thalamic nucleus ; Retrograde labelling ; Postembedding immunoelectron microscopy ; Inhibitory synapses
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  We have carried out a semi-quantitative ultrastructural study to determine the characteristics and distribution of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-containing constituents of the anterodorsal (AD) and anteroventral (AV) thalamic nuclei in adult rats. We used a polyclonal antibody to GABA and a postembedding immunogold detection method in animals in which the cortical projection neurons of these nuclei had been labelled by retrograde transport of cholera toxin/horseradish peroxidase (HRP) injected into the retrosplenial granular cortex. Two types of GABA-immunopositive structures were identified, with gold particle densities 4–40 times higher than the highest densities over blood-vessel lumens and areas of empty resin: (1) an apparently homogeneous population of axon terminals with Gray type-2 (symmetric) synaptic contacts corresponding to F-axon terminals; and (2) small–medium sized myelinated axons scattered individually or in small groups within the neuropil which may be their parent axons. These axons and terminals may originate from the ipsilateral thalamic reticular nucleus; others may arise from the basal forebrain or brainstem. The GABA-immunopositive terminals comprised approximately 16% of all axon terminal profiles in AD and 12% in AV, a significant difference. However, because the immunoreactive axon terminals in AD were significantly larger than those in AV (1.09±0.47 µm2 vs 0.90±0.43 µm2) and would therefore be encountered more frequently, it is not possible to conclude that the GABAergic innervation of AD is heavier than that of AV. The GABA-positive terminals established synaptic contacts with cell bodies and dendrites of all sizes (some of which were HRP-labelled) with the following frequency distribution (AD/AV, no significant difference): somata 5%/7%; large dendrites (≥1.5 µm) 14%/9%; medium dendrites (1.00–1.49 µm) 35%/45% and small dendrites (〈1 µm) 46%/40%. Despite evidence from previous studies, we found no evidence in this study for the presence of GABAergic interneurons or for GABA-containing projection neurons in AD or AV.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002210050744
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pulmonary edema secondary to chronic upper airway obstruction. Hemodynamic study in a child (1984)
    Springer
    Intensive care medicine 10 (1984), S. 317-319 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1238
    Keywords: Hypoventilation ; Pulmonary hypertension ; Cor pulmonale ; Pulmonary edema ; Upper airway obstruction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A 22-month-old girl with the syndrome of hypoventilation, pulmonary hypertension, cor pulmonale and pulmonary edema due to adenoidal hypertrophy is described. Adenoidectomy resulted in relief of all symptoms and signs within 24 h. Hemodynamic study using pulmonary artery catheter showed that the pulmonary artery pressure returned to normal 48 h after relief of the obstruction. The normal left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, measured throughout the period of obstruction, in the presence of severe pulmonary edema, could suggest a non-cardiogenic “low pressure” pulmonary edema. However, the highly negative pleural pressure which existed during upper airway obstruction indicated an elevation of transmural left ventricular end diastolic pressure (compared to pulmonary wedge pressure) and thus, suggested that the pulmonary edema in this syndrome is secondary to both — right and left heart failure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00254324
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Filamentous contacts: the ultrastructure and three-dimensional organization of specialized non-synaptic interneuronal appositions in thalamic relay nuclei (1997)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 288 (1997), S. 43-57 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Thalamus ; Intercellular junctions ; Synapse ; Synaptic glomeruli ; Agranular endoplasmic reticulum ; Rat (Wistar)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Filamentous contacts are non-synaptic interneuronal junctions characteristic of thalamic relay nuclei. Symmetrical filamentous contacts occur between two dendrites, two somata or a dendrite and a soma; asymmetrical filamentous contacts occur between axon terminals and dendrites, or occasionally somata, chiefly between the large specific afferent axon terminals of the synaptic glomeruli and the shafts of relay cell dendrites. Both are arranged as extensive net-like (reticular) specializations. The strands of the network enclose fenestrae of variable shape and size and, in perpendicular thin sections, appear as stretches of slightly widened intercellular space containing an electron-dense material and bounded by plasma membranes, the cytoplasmic surfaces of which are coated by electron-dense material into which microfilaments appear to insert. The lamina of cytoplasmic material in dendrites and somata is thicker than that in axon terminals and contains distinct electron-dense sub-units. Regular synaptic junctions may be situated like islands within the territory of an asymmetrical filamentous contact, and small spot-like close membrane appositions resembling gap junctions are occasionally seen in the fenestrae adjacent to the strands of both varieties of contact. Bundles of neurofilaments running in different directions, but in a plane parallel to the plasma membrane, are prominent on either side of the symmetrical filamentous contact and on the dendritic side of the asymmetrical variety. The agranular reticulum also exhibits differences between the contact types. Because of their highly specialized ultrastructure and specific distribution, filamentous contacts probably do not serve a purely adhesive function. Their possible role in the establishment and maintenance of orderly connections between cells is discussed but not favoured. Filamentous contacts probably mediate some form of intercellular communication, possibly involving gap junctions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004410050791
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Book reviews (1982)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular histology 14 (1982), S. 1009-1010 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6865
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01005242
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Book reviews (1981)
    Springer
    Journal of neurocytology 10 (1981), S. 725-728 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7381
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01262600
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