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  • 1995-1999  (149)
  • 1970-1974  (80)
  • 1940-1944  (53)
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  • 1850-1859  (2)
  • Chemistry  (328)
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  • Crystal Structure  (20)
  • Life and Medical Sciences  (18)
  • Children  (5)
  • Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling
  • Microbial biomass
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Year
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  • 1
    ISSN: 0935-9648
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 54 (1941), S. 213-215 
    ISSN: 0044-8249
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Gadolinium sesquihalide ; interstitial carbon units ; crystal structure ; electronic structure ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: [Gd4(C2)](Cl, I)6, ein interstitiell stabilisiertes, heteroleptisches Gadoliniumsesquihalogenid[Gd4(C2)](Cl, I)6 erhält man aus CsI, Gd, GdCl3 und C2I4 in verschweißten Niob-Ampullen bei 1000/800°C in Form von schwarzen, glänzenden Nadeln. Die Kristallstruktur (tetragonal; P4/mbm; Z = 2; a = 1347,5(1); c = 1212,5(1) pm) ist ähnlich wie jene von Na[Mo4]O6 bzw. [Sc4B]Cl6. Trans-kantenverknüpfte [Gd6]-Oktaeder verlaufen parallel [001]. Sie enthalten interstitielle C2-Einheiten, Jedes dritte Oktaeder enthält fehlgeordnete C2-Einheiten, senkrecht zu jenen in den benachbarten [Gd6(C2)]-Oktaedern. Diese sind daher entlang der (pseudo)-C4-Achse gestaucht. Rechnungen zur elektronischen Struktur zeigen, daß insgesamt 13 Elektronen zur Auffüllung aller Metall-Metall-bindenden Zustände für eine „leere“ [Gd4]Cl6-Struktur nötig wären. Die Einlagerung der C2-Dimeren verändert die Bindungsverhältnisse in [Gd4(C2)]X6 (X = Cl, I) erheblich. Die formale Ladung von -6 der C2-Einheit wird durch das Aufsplitten der πg-Zustände reduziert, Gd—Gd und Gd—C-bindende Zustände werden besetzt und bindende dx2-y2-Orbitale kombinieren zu den am niedrigsten liegenden nicht besetzten Zuständen.
    Notes: [Gd4(C2)](Cl, I)6 is obtained from CsI, Gd, GdCl3 and C2I4 in sealed niobium containers at 1000/800°C as black, shiny needles. The crystal structure (tetragonal, P4/mbm, Z = 2, a = 1347.5(1), c = 1212.5(1) pm) is similar to that of Na[Mo4]O6 and [Sc4B]Cl6. It may be regarded as being built from octahedra sharing common trans edges running in the [001] direction. The octahedra contain C2 units as interstitials. Every third octahedron contains a disordered C2 unit perpendicular to those in the two neighboring [Gd6(C2)] octahedra and is therefore compressed in the direction of the (pseudo) C4 axis. Calculations of the electronic structure of an “empty” [Gd4]Cl6 structure reveals a total of 13 electrons necessary to occupy all metal-metal bonding states. The incorporation of a carbon dimer substantially alters the bonding conditions for [Gd4(C2)]X6 (X = Cl, I). The formal charge of -6 of the C2 unit is significantly reduced as πg states split up, Gd—Gd and Gd—C bonding states are occupied and bonding dx2—y2 orbitals combine to form the lowest unoccupied energy states.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 22 (1996), S. 299-304 
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Microbial biomass ; Fungal biomass ; Ergosterol ; Fumigation extraction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Ergosterol and microbial biomass C were measured in 26 arable, 16 grassland and 30 forest soils. The ergosterol content ranged from 0.75 to 12.94 μg g-1 soil. The geometric mean ergosterol content of grassland and forest soils was around 5.5 μg g-1, that of the arable soils 2.14 μg g-1. The ergosterol was significantly correlated with biomass C in the entire group of soils, but not in the subgroups of grassland and forest soils. The geometric mean of the ergosterol: microbial biomass C ratio was 6.0 mg g-1, increasing in the order grassland (5.1), arable land (5.4) and woodland (7.2). The ergosterol:microbial biomass C ratio had a strong negative relationship with the decreasing cation exchange capacity and soil pH, indicating that the fungal part of the total microbial biomass in soils increased when the buffer capacity decreased. The average ergosterol concentration calculated from literature data was 5.1 mg g-1 fungal dry weight. Assuming that fungi contain 46% C, the conversion factor from micrograms ergosterol to micrograms fungal biomass C is 90. For soil samples, neither saponification of the extract nor the more effective direct saponification during extraction seems to be really necessary.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Analytical variations ; Root intenference ; Root pre-extraction ; Fumigation-extraction ; Microbial biomass
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A control soil stored at 4°C was analyzed 38 times by fumigation-extraction during a period of 11 months to correct for variations caused by the analytical procedure. The difference in extractable C between fumigated and unfumigated samples oscillated around the average without a positive or negative trend. When data from contemporaneously extracted field samples were corrected with control soil data the variations were lowered. The deviations between corrected and uncorrected biomass C values had maxima of ±12%. Data obtained for seven dates using pre-extraction, wet-sieving, and centrifuging were compared with data obtained by the conventional procedure without any pretreatment. A negative difference from data obtained without pretreatment was found when the soil water content was decreased to 6%. The largest positive difference (+38%) was found in May during the period of highest root growth.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 19 (1995), S. 215-219 
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Microbial biomass ; Acidification ; Beech forest ; Soil organic C ; Total P ; Fagus sylvatica
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Thirty-eight soils from forest sites in central Germany dominated by beech trees (Fagus sylvatica L.) were sampled to a depth of about 10 cm after careful removal of the overlying organic layers. Microbial biomass P was estimated by the fumigation — extraction method, measuring the increase in NaHCO3-extractable phosphate. The size of the microbial P pool varied between 17.7 and 174.3 μg P g-1 soil and was on average more than seven times larger than NaHCO3-extractable phosphate. Microbial P was positively correlated with soil organic C and total P, reflecting the importance of soil organic matter as a P source. The mean microbial P concentration was 13.1% of total P, varying in most soils between 6 and 18. Microbial P and microbial C were significantly correlated with each other and had a mean ratio of 14.3. A wide (5.1–26.3) microbial C: P ratio indicates that there is no simple relatinship between these two parameters. The microbial C: P ratio showed strong and positive correlations with soil pH and cation exchange capacity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Analytical variations ; Root interference ; Root pre-extraction ; Fumigation-extraction ; Microbial biomass
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A control soil stored at 4°C was analyzed 38 times by fumigation-extraction during a period of 11 months to correct for variations caused by the analytical procedure. The difference in extractable C between fumigated and unfumigated samples oscillated around the average without a positive or negative trend. When data from contemporaneously extracted field samples were corrected with control soil data the variations were lowered. The deviations between corrected and uncorrected biomass C values had maxima of ±12%. Data obtained for seven dates using pre-extraction, wet-sieving, and centrifuging were compared with data obtained by the conventional procedure without any pretreatment. A negative difference from data obtained without pretreatment was found when the soil water content was decreased to 6%. The largest positive difference (+38%) was found in May during the period of highest root growth.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Der Unfallchirurg 100 (1997), S. 225-233 
    ISSN: 1433-044X
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Kindliche Beckenfrakturen ; Komplextrauma ; Langzeitergebnisse ; Key words Complex pelvic trauma ; Children ; Long-term follow-up
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Between 1972 and 1994 21 children up to 14 years old sustained complex pelvic trauma treated at the Trauma Department of the Hannover Medical School. Sixteen of the 17 survivors were followed at an average of 8.9 years. In 8 patients operative treatment of the disrupted pelvic ring (external or internal fixation) was performed; in 8 patients the treatment was conservative. At follow-up 9 patients (56%) were pain-free; 4 reported slight, 2 moderate and one patient severe pain (at rest). There were no neurological deficits. Four patients had disturbed micturia, and 1 had bowel incontinence. Radiological evaluation showed anatomic reconstruction of the pelvic ring in 9 cases (56%). Residual maximum displacement of 12 mm was detected in 2 patients. In 3 cases osteoarthritis or ancylosis of the SI joint was present. In 3 cases a clinically not disturbing heterotopic ossification was found. Another 2 cases had ossifications of the pubic symphyses. A post-traumatic acetabular dysplasia was detected in 2 cases; a hypoplasia of the hemipelvis was seen in 3 patients. In a retrospective analysis of the primary radiographs, 13 pelvic lesions were not detected during the primary clinical course (sacral fracures, lesions of the triradiate cartilage). Despite this finding the pelvic outcome was rated good and excellent in 10 patients (63%), moderate in 1 patient (hypoplasia of the hemipelvis, and poor in 5 patients (31%) with severe pain or urogenital disturbancies. The maximum ratings in social reintegration was given to 9 patients, a medium rating to 7 patients. All patients were socially integrated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-0843
    Keywords: Key words Pharmacokinetics ; Children ; Solid tumors ; PIXY321
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A hemopoietin with the ability to accelerate both platelet and granulocyte recovery after intensive chemotherapy would have great clinical utility. The recombinant fusion protein composed of human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and interleukin-3 (PIXY321), showed some promise in early adult trials. However, studies for pediatric patients are limited, and there are no systematic data on the pharmacokinetics of PIXY321 given over prolonged periods at current dosage levels. Purpose: To determine the safety, clinical effects and plasma concentrations of increasing doses of PIXY321 in children treated with myelosuppressive chemotherapy. Methods: A total of 39 children with relapsed or high-risk solid tumors were enrolled in this phase I/II study. PIXY321 was administered once or twice daily by subcutaneous injection in total doses of 500 to 1000 μg/m2 per day for 14 days after each course of chemotherapy with ifosfamide, carboplatin, and etoposide (ICE). Pharmacokinetic studies were performed on day 1 of the first course in 33 patients and repeated on day 14 in 13 patients (once-daily schedule only). Results: Although mild local skin reactions and fever were frequent, no dose-limiting toxicity was identified at the maximum dose studied (1000 μg/m2 per day). There were no statistically significant differences in chemotherapy-induced hematologic toxicity with increasing doses of PIXY321 or with twice-daily vs once-daily dosing. On day 1, the median PIXY321 clearance was 657 ml/min per m2 (range 77–1804 ml/min per m2) and the median half-life was 3.7 h (range 2.1–20.8 h). On day 14, clearance increased in all patients studied (median increase 63%), with a corresponding decrease in the median 12-h concentration (from 1.2 to 0.25 ng/ml). Maximum concentrations were 〈1 ng/ml in 81% of patients, and only two patients had maximum plasma concentrations equivalent to those required for consistent activity in vitro. Conclusions: The recombinant fusion protein PIXY321 proved safe in children treated with myelosuppressive ICE chemotherapy but had no demonstrable clinical benefits. The pharmacokinetic studies suggest that the observed lack of hematologic benefit may be explained by low plasma concentrations resulting from increased clearance with prolonged administration. Moreover, the significant increase in PIXY321 systemic clearance in the absence of increased circulating myeloid cells suggests that the upregulation of either extravascular compartment hematopoietic progenitor cells or nonhematopoietic cells may play an important role in controlling circulating concentrations of this unique cytokine. These findings highlight the importance of a thorough assessment of the systemic disposition of cytokines when determining the dose and schedule necessary to achieve clinical activity in patients.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 23 (1996), S. 38-42 
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Microbial biomass ; Depth profile ; Fumigation-extraction method ; Soil organic matter ; Dormant population
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract We measured microbial biomass C and soil organic C in soils from one grassland and two arable sites at depths of between 0 and 90 cm. The microbial biomass C content decreased from a maximum of 1147 (0–10 cm layer) to 24 μg g-1 soil (70–90 cm layer) at the grassland site, from 178 (acidic site) and 264 μg g-1 soil (neutral site) at 10–20 cm to values of between 13 and 12 μg g-1 soil (70–90 cm layer) at the two arable sites. No significant depth gradient was observed within the plough layer (0–30 cm depth) for biomass C and soil organic C contents. In general, the microbial biomass C to soil organic C ratio decreased with depth from a maximum of between 1.4 and 2.6% to a minimum of between 0.5 and 0.7% at 70–90 cm in the three soils. Over a 24-week incubation period at 25°C, we examined the survival of microbial biomass in our three soils at depths of between 0 and 90 cm without external substrate. At the end of the incubation experiment, the contents of microbial biomass C at 0–30 cm were significantly lower than the initial values. At depths of between 30 and 90 cm, the microbial biomass C content showed no significant decline in any of the four soils and remained constant up to the end of the experiment. On average, 5.8% of soil organic C was mineralized at 0–30 cm in the three soils and 4.8% at 30–90 cm. Generally, the metabolic quotient qCO2 values increased with depth and were especially large at 70–90 cm in depth.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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