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  • 1
    ISSN: 1433-0423
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Refraktive Hornhautchirurgie ; Intrastromale photorefraktive Keratektomie ; Pikosekundenlaser ; Photodisruption ; Kavitation ; Key words Refractive surgery ; Intrastromal photorefractive keratectomy ; Picosecond laser ; Photodisruption ; Cavitation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Background: Picosecond laser intrastromal photorefractive keratectomy (ISPRK) aims at achieving a flattening of the central cornea by plasma-mediated tissue evaporation without affecting the anterior or posterior corneal layers. We investigated the laser-induced tissue effects to establish a functional relationship between laser parameters and tissue removal and to assess their influence on the healing process and long-term refractive changes. Materials and methods: A modified ISL 2001 System with a cone angle of 30° was used for in vitro investigations of the laser effects in water and porcine cornea. Photographic methods were used to determine the plasma volume and the thickness of the laser-generated intrastromal bubble layer as a function of the pulse energy and the number and separation in which the pulses were applied (216 eyes). Histological evaluation was done by polarization microscopy (9 eyes). Results: Polarization microscopy revealed only minor signs of thermal tissue damage. The maximum amount of tissue that can be evaporated without damaging the outer corneal layers corresponds to a layer about 10 µm thick. With a 6-mm optical zone, this tissue removal yields an immediate refractive effect of only 0.85 dpt. Stronger long-term refractive changes observed in animal experiments and clinical studies must thus be due to the healing response of the cornea. The healing response may be induced by mechanical distortion due to intrastromal bubble formation affecting about one third of the corneal thickness. Conclusion: Since the refractive effects are apparently strongly influenced by corneal healing, they are poorly predictable and can probably not be used for clinical purposes.
    Notes: Fragestellung: Bei der intrastromalen photorefraktiven Keratektomie (ISPRK) mit dem Pikosekundenlaser soll durch plasmavermittelte Gewebsverdampfung eine Abflachung der zentralen Hornhaut erreicht werden, ohne Epithel oder Endothel zu schädigen. Wir untersuchten die Gewebseffekte und die Abhängigkeit zwischen Laserparametern und Gewebsentfernung, um Aufschlußüber die Entstehungsmechanismen von Refraktionseffekten bei der ISPRK zu erlangen. Material und Methode: Es wurde ein modifiziertes ISL-2001-System mit 30° Fokussierungswinkel benutzt, um in vitro die Lasereffekte in Wasser und Schweinehornhaut zu untersuchen. Mit fotografischen Methoden wurden das Plasmavolumen und die Dicke der lasererzeugten intrastromalen Blasenschicht als Funktion der Pulsenergie und in Abhängigkeit von der Anzahl und dem räumlichen Abstand der applizierten Pulsschichten bestimmt (216 Augen). Eine histologische Untersuchung der Effekte erfolgte mittels Polarisationsmikroskopie (9 Augen). Ergebnisse: Es ergaben sich lediglich geringfügige Hinweise auf thermische Gewebeschäden. Die maximale Gewebsmenge, die durch ISPRK verdampft werden kann, entspricht einer Schicht von etwa 10 mm Dicke, was bei 6 mm optischer Zone zu einer Refraktionsänderung von lediglich 0,85 dpt führen würde. In Tierexperimenten und klinischen Studien beobachtete stärkere Brechkraftänderungen sind wahrscheinlich auf Heilungsvorgänge zurückzuführen. Letztere könnten durch die mechanischen Schäden aufgrund der intrastromalen Blasenbildung bedingt sein, die etwa 1/3 der Hornhautdicke betreffen. Schlußfolgerung: Da die Refraktionseffekte anscheinend stark durch Heilungsvorgänge beeinflußt werden, sind sie schlecht vorhersagbar und für eine klinische Anwendung wenig geeignet.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1433-0423
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Refraktive Hornhautchirurgie ; Laserthermokeratoplastik ; Kollagendenaturierung ; Optische Kurzkohärenztomographie ; Polarisationsmikroskopie ; Sirius-Rot-Färbung ; Key words Refractive surgery ; Laser thermokeratoplasty ; Collagen denaturation ; Collagen shrinkage ; Optical low coherence tomography ; Polarization microscopy ; Sirius-Red staining
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Background: Information on the extent and degree of the thermal effect produced is of great importance for control of the laser dosage in laser thermokeratoplasty (LTK) and for postoperative follow-up. We investigated on acute LTK effects which information images obtained by optical low coherence tomography (OCT) offer compared to those obtained by polarization microscopy. Methods: Porcine eyes were irradiated through a 400 µm quartz fiber using light from a laser diode emitting up to 300 mW at a wavelength of 1.86 µm. Thermal lesions of varying strength were scanned using an experimental OCT device with about 25 µm lateral and 20 µm axial resolution. Histologic evaluation of the scanned areas was done by polarization microscopy after Sirius-Red staining, and similar lesions were also analyzed by TEM. Results: Both methods differentiated three damage zones: a transition zone, a zone of mode-rate coagulation, and a central zone of strong coagulation. In the transition zone, increased birefringence was seen in polarization microscopy, which correlated with increased light scattering seen in the OCT images. In the moderately coagulated zone, a decrease in birefringence was associated with an even stronger increase of the OCT signal. In the central zone, a loss of the fibrillar tissue structure was observed, which led to a complete loss of birefringence and a strong reduction of the OCT signal. Conclusions: Although OCT does not provide the detailed information on thermal changes of tissue seen by the histologic method, it offers information on the extent and degree of tissue changes without preparation artifacts and provides a non-invasive method of immediate and follow-up control of LTK lesions. A quantitative analysis of changes in corneal thickness and curvature is much simpler than by a slit lamp. Time-resolved measurements of corneal light scattering may be used for on-line control of the laser-light dosage during LTK.
    Notes: Hintergrund: Für die Kontrolle der Laserdosis und der postoperativen Entwicklung bei Laserthermokeratoplastik (LTK) sind Informationen über die Ausdehnung und das Ausmaß der thermischen Läsionen von großer Bedeutung. Wir verglichen den Informationsgehalt der Darstellung frischer LTK-Läsionen durch Optische Kurzkohärenztomographie [optical low coherence tomography (OCT)] mit der histologischen Darstellung durch Polarisationsmikroskopie. Methode: Die Kornea von Schweineaugen wurde in vitro durch eine 400-µm-Quarzfaser mit Licht aus einer Laserdiode bestrahlt, die bis zu 300 mW bei λ=1,86 µm emittiert. Es wurden OCT-Querschnittsbilder verschieden starker Läsionen mit etwa 25 µm lateraler und 20 µm axialer Auflösung aufgenommen. Die mit OCT analysierten Bereiche wurden histologisch durch Polarisationsmikroskopie nach Sirius-Rot-Färbung untersucht und mit der Darstellung durch TEM verglichen. Ergebnisse: Es konnten 3 Schadenszonen unterschieden werden: Übergangszone, mäßige und starke Koagulation. In der Übergangszone korrelierte die unter Polarisation sichtbare verstärkte Doppelbrechung mit einer Zunahme des OCT-Signals. Bei mäßiger Koagulation ging eine Abnahme der Doppelbrechung mit einer weiteren Zunahme des OCT Signals einher. Bei starker Koagulation im Zentrum der Läsion ging die Kollagenfaserstruktur weitgehend verloren, wodurch Doppelbrechung und OCT-Signal fast völlig verschwinden. Schlußfolgerungen: OCT liefert zwar eine weniger detaillierte Information über thermische Gewebsveränderungen als eine histologische Untersuchung, gibt aber Aufschlußüber die Ausdehnung und das Ausmaß der Veränderungen und ermöglicht eine nichtinvasive Darstellung und Verlaufskontrolle von LTK-Läsionen ohne Präparationsartefakte. Eine quantitative Analyse der Veränderung der Hornhautdicke ist leichter möglich als mit der Spaltlampe. Zeitaufgelöste Messungen der Lichtstreuung können zur Online-Kontrolle der Laserdosis bei der LTK verwendet werden.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-1084
    Keywords: Key words: X-ray diagnosis ; Medical indication ; Bodily harm
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. An orthopedic surgeon had been condemned for different offences to 2 years and 6 months imprisonment by the superior court in Frankfurt/Main. One point of the ruling had been the use of X-rays without medical indication, which the superior court of Frankfurt/Main finally did not assess as bodily harm. The supreme court of Germany overruled this interpretation and referred the case back for a new trial and ruling.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. Rhinopoma hardwickei kommt in trockener Luft bei 35° C ohne Trinkwasser mit l g Mehlwürmern pro Tag (0,6 g freies Wasser) aus. (Beobachtungsdauer bis 17 Tage). 2. Rhinopoma scheidet unter normalen Bedingungen im Durchschnitt einen weniger konzentrierten Urin (2042 mOsm/kg H2O) aus, als Rhinolophus (2467 mOsm/ kg H2O). Im Gegensatz dazu beträgt die mittlere Urinosmolalität unter Durstbedingungen bei Rhinopoma 3722 mOsm/kg H2O, bei Rhinolophus 2980 mOsm/kg H2O. 3. Unter Wassermangelbedingungen steigt im Serum von Rhinopoma die Osmolalität geringgradig von 377 mOsm/kg H2O im normalen Zustand auf 401 mOsm/kg H2O an. Dabei ist nur die Serumkonzentration von Natrium, nicht jedoch von Kalium und Harnstoff signifikant erhöht. Das Serum von Rhinolophus zeigt im Durst dagegen einen erheblichen Konzentrationsanstieg (im Mittel von 413 auf 546 mOsm/kg H2O) mit signifikanter Steigerung der Natriummittelwerte von 173 auf 227 mVal/l und der Harnstoffmittelwerte von 208 auf 403 mg-%. 4. Der Vergleich mittlerer Serumkonzentrationen beider Gattungen im Normalzustand ergab eine höhere Osmolalität bei Rhinolophus, vor allem infolge höherer Natriumkonzentrationen. Die Harnstoffkonzentrationen unterschieden sich nicht signifikant. Unter Wassermangelbedingungen wird dieser Osmolalitätsunterschied wesentlich ausgeprägter durch jetzt auch signifikant höhere Harnstoffkonzentrationen bei Rhinolophus. 5. Zwischen Veränderungen der Kalium- und Harnstoffkonzentration und der Gesamtosmolalität des Urins deutet sich bei Rhinopoma und Rhinolophus eine Korrelation an. Die Natriumkonzentrationen im Urin erlauben keine derartige Annahme. 6. Die U/P osm-Werte unterscheiden sich bei beiden Tierarten im Normalzustand nicht signifikant, während im Durst Rhinopoma signifikant höhere Werte als Rhinolophus aufweist. Im Gegensatz zu Rhinopoma mit deutlichem Anstieg der U/P osm -Werte unter Wassermangelbedingungen (p〈 0,001) blieben diese bei Rhinolophus im Durst sogar etwas unter denen des Normalzustands, jedoch ohne signifikanten Unterschied (0,2〉p〉0,1).
    Notes: Summary 1. Rhinopoma is able to live without drinking water in a dry environment at a temperature of 35° C, when fed on 1 g mealworms/day (observed during 17 days). 2. Urine of normal Rhinopoma is on the average less concentrated (2042 mOsm/ kg H2O) than that of normal Rhinolophus (2467 mOsm/kg H2O). The mean urine concentration of thirsting Rhinopoma however is higher (3722 mOsm/kg H2O) than that of thirsting Rhinolophus (2980 mOsm/kg H2O). 3. The serum of dehydrated Rhinopoma is slightly more concentrated (401 mOsm/ kg H2O) than that of normal ones (377 mOsm/kg H2O). This is mainly due to a significant increase of the sodium concentration. Neither potassium nor urea concentrations increased significantly during dehydration. Serum of thirsting Rhinolophus on the other hand was considerably more concentrated (546 mOsm/kg H2O) than that of normal ones (413 mOsm/kg H2O). The concentrations of urea as well as sodium had then increased respectively from 208 to 403 mg-% and from 173 to 227 mVal/l. 4. The serum of normal Rhinolophus is more concentrated than that of normal Rhinopoma. This is due to a higher sodium concentration. Serum urea concentrations of normal Rhinopoma and normal Rhinolophus do not differ significantly. Mean serum concentration of dehydrated Rhinolophus is much higher than that of dehydrated Rhinopoma — urea as well as sodium being then more concentrated in Rhinolophus serum. 5. Changes in urine potassium and urea concentrations, not however in urine sodium concentrations of both animals, correlate with the corresponding urine osmolality. 6. There is no difference between the U/P osm ratio of Rhinopoma and that of Rhinolophus under normal conditions. During dehydration however, this ratio is higher in Rhinopoma than in Rhinolophus. U/P osm ratios of thirsting Rhinopoma were much higher than those of normal ones (p\s〈0.001). A comparison of thirsting Rhinolophus with those held under normal conditions indicates that the U/P osm ratio of the normal animals tends to be higher than that of thirsting ones. The difference however is not significant (0.2\s〉 p\s〉0.1)..
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 144 (1973), S. 573-583 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Gills ; Tilapia mossambica ; Blood vessels ; Arteriovenous anastomoses ; Light microscopy ; Quantitative evaluation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The non-respiratory vascular system of T. mossambica gill filaments was studied in serial longitudinal and cross sections. Comparatively few scattered vascular communications occur between the afferent filament artery and the central venous sinus (AVAaff). The efferent filament artery, however, is connected by regularly arranged anastomoses (AVAeff), directly, and sometimes indirectly via nutritive vessels, to the central sinus. These AVAeff are about as numerous as lamellae counted on one side of each filament, although they diminish slightly in number towards the filament base. The relation AVAeff to AVAaff was 17.6:1 in the distal and 17.8:1 in the basal filamental region, while in the tip region of 7 filaments 126 AVAeff but only 1 AVAaff were encountered. No direct connection between the lamellar lacunae and the central sinus was detected. According to these results, non-respiratory intrafilamental blood shunting appears unlikely. AVAeff are assumed to be the main route for blood entering the central venous sinus which would consequently flow into the branchial veins.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 155 (1974), S. 491-512 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Gills ; Tilapia mossambica ; Arterio-venous anastomoses ; Specialized endothelia ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Arterio-venous anastomoses (AVA) in gill filaments of Tilapia mossambica exhibit a distinct polarity. Two different types of highly specialized endothelial cells, both of epitheloid shape, line these vessels: Type I cells, contacting the arterial lumen, are elongated and about two to three times as large as type II endothelial cells. Their surface is increased by tentacular protrusions which reach far into the arterial lumen. Filament whorls forming tubelike structures with centrally located glycogen granules are abundant in these cells. Type II endothelial cells are located proximal to the central venous sinus (CVS). Their less abundant and more electron dense cytoplasm is free of filament whorls. There are also intermediate cell forms at approximately the middle of each anastomosis. Short cell processes protrude from all endothelial cell types into the AVA lumen. Outside the indistinct vascular basement lamina, a layer of cover cells tightly envelopes the AVA. These cells are, however, absent around the part of the AVA adjacent to the CVS. Here the endothelial cells are in immediate contact with the interstitium. Endothelial cells sheathed by cover cells reach the interstitium through basal foot processes. Nerve fibre bundles regularly come into close contact with the AVAs. Possible functions of the AVAs, including osmoreception are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 13 (1997), S. 305-313 
    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Keywords: NMR ; pcpB ; pcpC ; pentachlorophenol degradation ; Pseudomonas spp
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Eighty-nine bacterial isolates obtained by enrichment from pentachlorophenol (PCP)-contaminated soil samples were tested for PCP dechlorination activity and hybridization to pcpB (encoding PCP-4-monooxygenase) and pcpC (encoding tetrachlorohydroquinone reductive dehalogenase) gene probes synthesized by polymerase chain reaction from Flavobacterium sp. ATCC 39723 genomic DNA. Seven isolates were able to dechlorinate PCP, hybridize to both pcpB and pcpC DNA probes, and mineralize sodium pentachlorophenate (NaPCP) at an initial concentration of 100μg/ml. Although the seven PCP-mineralizing isolates possessed DNA sequences homologous to the Flavobacterium pcpB and pcpC genes, restriction analysis revealed sequence differences between the isolates and the Flavobacterium PCP dechlorination genes. Two isolates, designated UG25 and UG30, with the fastest onset and highest extent of PCP mineralization were selected for further study. Both isolates were tentatively identified as Pseudomonas spp. and exhibited stoichiometric release of Cl− ions as PCP was degraded. The release of Cl− began concomitantly with PCP disappearance from the medium. Both UG25 and UG30 degraded NaPCP at a concentration of 250 μg/ml in a minimal salt medium. Supplementation of the medium with glutamate increased the NaPCP degradation threshold of UG25 to a concentration of 300 μg/ml but did not affect that of UG30. 31P-NMR spectra of UG25 and UG30 cell suspensions exposed to PCP showed lower intracellular ATP levels and a more acidic cytoplasmic pH relative to untreated cells. This de-energization may explain the lack of cell growth in the presence of high PCP concentrations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 82 (1970), S. 512-513 
    ISSN: 0044-8249
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    The @journal of physical chemistry 〈Washington, DC〉 74 (1970), S. 2652-2659 
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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