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  • 1995-1999  (4)
  • 1965-1969
  • Chiralcel OF  (2)
  • Genitofemoral nerve  (2)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Surgical and radiologic anatomy 21 (1999), S. 1-5 
    ISSN: 1279-8517
    Keywords: Ilioinguinal nerve ; Genitofemoral nerve ; Sports hernia ; Human gross anatomy ; Clinical anatomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Chronic pain on the ventral surface of the scrotum and the proximal ventro-medial surface of the thigh especially in athletes has been diagnosed in various ways; recently, in Europe the concept of “sports hernia” has been advocated. However, since few reports discuss the detailed course of the nerves in association with the pain, we examined the cutaneous branches in the inguinal region in 54 halves of 27 adult male cadavers. From our results, in addition to the cutaneous branches from the ilioinguinal n. (in 49 of 54: 90.7%), cutaneous branches originating from the genital branches of the genitofemoral nerve were found in the inguinal region in 19 of 54 halves (35.2%). In 7 cases (in 7 of 54: 13.0%) the genital branch and the ilioinguinal nerve united in the inguinal canal. In 6 cases the genital branch pierced the inguinal lig. to enter the inguinal canal, and in three cases the genital branch pierced the border between the ligament and the aponeurosis of the obliquus externus m. to be distributed to the inguinal region. Therefore, the courses of the genital branches vary considerably, and may have a very important role in chronic groin pain produced by groin hernia. In addition, entrapment by the ligament may be a reasonable candidate for the cause of chronic groin pain.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Surgical and radiologic anatomy 21 (1999), S. 1-5 
    ISSN: 1279-8517
    Keywords: Ilioinguinal nerve ; Genitofemoral nerve ; Sports hernia ; Human gross anatomy ; Clinical anatomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La douleur chronique de la face ventrale du scrotum et de la face ventro-médiale proximale de la cuisse, en particulier chez les athlètes, a été interprétée de différentes manières ; le concept de “hernie du sport” a été récemment évoqué en Europe. Cependant, depuis que quelques rapports ont décrit le trajet détaillé des nerfs en association avec la douleur, nous avons examiné les branches cutanées de la région inguinale chez 27 cadavres mâles adultes (54 dissections). D'après nos résultats, dans la région inguinale, en plus des branches cutanées provenant du nerf ilio-inguinal (dans 49 des 54 cas ; 90,7 %) des branches cutanées provenant des branches génitales du nerf génito-fémoral ont été trouvées dans 19 des 54 dissections (35,2 %). Dans sept cas (7 des 54 cas, soit 13 %) la branche génitale et le nerf ilio-inguinal étaient unis ensemble dans le canal inguinal. Dans six cas, la branche génitale traversait le ligament inguinal pour entrer dans le canal inguinal, et dans trois cas la branche génitale traversait la frontière entre le ligament et l'aponévrose du muscle oblique externe pour se distribuer à la région inguinale. Ainsi, les trajets des branches génitales sont extrêmement variables, et peuvent avoir un rôle très important dans la douleur chronique de l'aine, attribuée habituellement à la hernie de l'aine. De plus, la contrainte mécanique liée au ligament peut être raisonnablement à l'origine de la douleur chronique de l'aine.
    Notes: Summary Chronic pain on the ventral surface of the scrotum and the proximal ventro-medial surface of the thigh especially in athletes has been diagnosed in various ways; recently, in Europe the concept of “sports hernia” has been advocated. However, since few reports discuss the detailed course of the nerves in association with the pain, we examined the cutaneous branches in the inguinal region in 54 halves of 27 adult male cadavers. From our results, in addition to the cutaneous branches from the ilioinguinal n. (in 49 of 54: 90.7%), cutaneous branches originating from the genital branches of the genitofemoral nerve were found in the inguinal region in 19 of 54 halves (35.2%). In 7 cases (in 7 of 54: 13.0%) the genital branch and the ilioinguinal nerve united in the inguinal canal. In 6 cases the genital branch pierced the inguinal lig. to enter the inguinal canal, and in three cases the genital branch pierced the border between the ligament and the aponeurosis of the obliquus externus m. to be distributed to the inguinal region. Therefore, the courses of the genital branches vary considerably, and may have a very important role in chronic groin pain produced by groin hernia. In addition, entrapment by the ligament may be a reasonable candidate for the cause of chronic groin pain.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Diltiazem hydrochloride stereoisomers ; Chiralcel OF ; Chiral inversion ; Epimerization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The simultaneous stereospecific assay of four stereoisomers of diltiazem hydrochloride in bulk drug and aqueous solution was developed using HPLC on a Chiralcel OF column. The four isomers were quantitated with good precision by the internal standard method. The chiral inversion of (+)-cis-diltiazem hydrochloride in vitro, stability of its (2S, 3S) configuration in the solid and aqueous states was examined by HPLC. Chiral inversion of (+)-cis-diltiazem hydrochloride was not observed in the solid state, and its (2S, 3S) configuration was stable to heat, humidity and light. Chiral inversion of (+)-cis-diltiazem hydrochloride (2S, 3S) was observed in aqueous solution under UV, but not in aqueous solution stored at 80°C for 5h nor under visible light for 10 h. The (+)-cis-diltiazem hydrochloride (2S, 3S) epimerized to (+)-trans-diltiazem hydrochloride (2R, 3S) with a half-life of 5h in aqueous solution under UV but the reverse chiral inversion of (+)-trans-diltiazem hydrochloride (2R, 3S) to (+)-cis-diltiazem hydrochloride (2S, 3S) was not observed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Desacetyl diltiazem hydrochloride stereoisomers ; Chiralcel OF ; Chiral inversion ; Epimerization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Direct resolution of four stereoisomers of the related compound of diltiazem hydrochloride, namely desacetyl diltiazem hydrochloride, was studied by both normal and reversed-phase chiral HPLC. The four stereoisomers were completely resolved on a Chiralcel OF column. The technique developed was applied to a chiral inversion study of desacetyl diltiazem hydrochloride. This inversion was observed neither in the solid state, in aqueous solution at 100°C for 3 h nor under visible light for 10h, but was observed in aqueous solution under UV irradiation. The (+)-(2S, 3S)-cis-desacetyl diltiazem hydrochloride degraded with a half-life of 1.9 h in aqueous solution under UV and epimerized to (+)-(2R, 3S)-trans-desacetyl diltiazem hydrochloride. Similarly, (+)-(2S, 3S)-cis-desacetyl diltiazem hydrochloride degraded about three times faster than diltiazem hydrochloride. Reverse epimerization of (+)-(2R, 3S)-trans-desacetyl diltiazem hydrochloride to (+)-(2S, 3S)-cis-desacetyl diltiazem hydrochloride was not observed. The overall degradation was the result of two competitive processes, the epimerization and the decomposition of the benzothiazepin ring. The degradation and epimerization rate of (+)-(2S, 3S)-cis-desacetyl diltiazem hydrochloride in solution under UV depended upon the solvent, the aqueous pH, and concentration.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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