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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 67 (1995), S. 1766-1768 
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Nanocrystalline silicon aggregates imbedded in a predominantly amorphous silicon layer have been observed in anodically etched p-Si(100) by using valence band x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and lattice imaged high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (XTEM). XTEM has identified the as-prepared porous silicon to be a mixed phase of amorphous and nanocrystalline silicon, with the nanocrystalline aggregates being randomly dispersed throughout the full thickness of a 1 μm thick amorphous layer and exhibiting a size distribution from 2 to 5 nm in diameter. The abundance of the nanocrystalline aggregates seems to decrease as the anodic etching proceeds and as the sample is irradiated by x rays at room temperature in ultrahigh vacuum. Valence band photoelectron measurements show evidence for a crystalline-to-amorphous phase transition induced by x radiation which may, in part, be activated by photoelectron stimulated hydrogen desorption. The x-ray irradiated samples also exhibit a significant reduction in photoluminescence yield, possibly caused by a reduction in the density of nanocrystallites. The observed mixed phase porous silicon and the metastability of the nanocrystallites help to explain apparent contradictory descriptions of the nature of porous silicon. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 70 (1997), S. 2937-2939 
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Using standard microelectronic techniques, we have fabricated arrays of infrared metallodielectric photonic crystals (IR MDPCs) on silicon substrates. The metallic "atoms" are located on a three-dimensional (100)-oriented face-centered-cubic lattice. Resonant stop-band characteristics have been measured with rejection levels of up to 20 dB and widths of up to 83% of the center frequency. We demonstrate structures with stop bands across the midinfrared wavelength range from 2 to 12 μm. Angular studies of the photonic stop bands show an insensitivity to incident angle for some of the structures. The IR MDPC results are compared with measurements made on microwave-scale MDPC structures to help in understanding the infrared results. © 1997 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International journal of legal medicine 110 (1997), S. 88-91 
    ISSN: 1437-1596
    Keywords: Key words Penile balls ; Penology ; Yakuza ; Self-mutilation ; Sexual medicine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Law
    Notes: Abstract The subcutaneous self-implantation of spherical objects in the penis is a well-known practice among members of the Yakuza in Japan but this phenomenon has not previously been described in the Western world. However, recently there were two cases in Berlin of young Eastern European men in whom implanted penile balls as in the Yakuza were found at autopsy. Investigations in Russia revealed that this phenomenon is typically encountered there among prisoners and in certain army units. In addition to the feeling of belonging to a specific group, increased sexual confidence is one major reason for these implantations that are usually performed under primitive conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Rechtsmedizin 8 (1998), S. 77-82 
    ISSN: 1434-5196
    Keywords: Key words Blank guns ; Blank cartridges ; Gun shot ; wounds ; Self-made guns ; Weapons law ; Schlüsselwörter Schreckschußwaffen ; Kartuschenmunition ; Schußverletzungen ; Selbstgebaute ; Schußgeräte ; Waffenrecht
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Law
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Erwerbsscheinfreie Schreckschußwaffen werden gelegentlich umgebaut, um Projektile aus ihnen verschießen zu können. Teilweise wird hierfür auch die entsprechende Kartuschenmunition durch Einarbeiten eines Projektiles in Patronenmunition umgewandelt. Es lassen sich so je nach Modifikationsart Schußgeräte herstellen, die hinsichtlich ihres Leistungsbildes mit „echten“ Schußwaffen vergleichbar sind. Es werden Todesfälle durch Einwirkungen mit unterschiedlich manipulierten Schreckschußwaffen und -munition vorgestellt. Darstellung der Befunde sowie der Waffen. Es wird kurz auf die rechtliche Problematik des Umbaus von Schreckschußwaffen eingegangen.
    Notes: Abstract Blank guns are frequently modified to fire projectiles. For this reason also blank cartridges are altered by adding self-made projectiles. Depending on the modification self-made guns are comparable with “real” guns concerning the technical effects and wound ballistic data. We report about fatalities due to manipulated blank guns and blank cartridges. The autopsy findings as well as the weapons are described. A short overview of the German weapons law concerning altered weapons is given.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Rechtsmedizin 8 (1998), S. 94-97 
    ISSN: 1434-5196
    Keywords: Key words Blank cartridges ; Propellant ; Primer ; Priming composition ; Starter pistols ; Schlüsselwörter Kartuschenmunition ; Platzpatronen ; Treibmittelanalyse ; Zündmittelanalyse
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Law
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Knallkartuschen („Platzpatronen”), die zum Verschießen aus Schreckschußwaffen (§ 22 WaffG) bestimmt sind, wurden hinsichtlich ihres Aufbaues sowie des Treib- und Zündmittels untersucht. Zur Untersuchung gelangte Kartuschenmunition sämtlicher für Kurzwaffen erhältlicher Kaliber. Der Aufbau der Hülsen sowie der Zündelemente entsprachen im wesentlichem dem von Patronenmunition. Die Analysen der Treibladungspulver (TLP) erfolgten mittels HPLC, die der Zündsätze durch Röntgenfluoreszenz und Röntgendiffraktion: Bei Knallkartuschen fand sich als Treibmittel überwiegend einbasiges Treibladungspulver (Nitrocellulose-TLP), vereinzelt aber auch Schwarzpulver. In den größeren Kalibern fanden sich zweibasige Treibladungspulver (Nitroglycerin-TLP) mit Zusätzen von DNT und Dibutylphtalat (DBP). Die einbasigen TLP zeigten sich mit Diphenylamin (DPA), die mehrbasigen TLP mit Centralit I (C I) stabilisiert. Die Zündsätze enthielten als Sprengstoffe fast ausschließlich Bleitrizinat und/oder Hexogen, als Sauerstofflieferanten Bariumnitrate. Eine Besonderheit der Knallkartuschenmunition ist das Vorhandensein eines scheibenförmigen Zwischenmittels, das das Treibmittel zusammenhält und gegen den Hülsenboden drückt. Aufgrund des geringen Gewichtes kommt den Zwischenmitteln keine wesentliche kinetische Energie zu.
    Notes: Abstract We examined the composition of blank cartridges for all available calibers used for starter pistols in Germany including 6 mm, .22 long, 315, 8 × 20 mm, 9 × 17 mm, 9 mm P.A., .35, and .45 short. The cartridge cases and the primer compositions were found to be similar to those of live ammunition. Analyses of the propellants and the priming compositions were performed using HPLC (propellants) and x-ray diffraction/fluorescence (primer). Nitrocellulose was found to be the main propellant of blank cartridges (mono-basic powder) but black powder is also still in use. In the larger calibres we found double base powder (nitroglycerine-powder) with DNT and dibutylphtalate (DBP) as additives. The mono-basic powder was stabilised with diphenylamine (DPA), and the double base powder with centralit I (CI). The primers consisted of lead styphnate and/or hexogen and barium nitrates were typical oxygen donators. A characteristic of blank cartridges is the presence of small discs made of cork or paper which are positioned on top of the propellant to keep it near the bottom of the cartridge case (near the primer). Because of the small mass of these discs the amount of kinetic energy imported is negligible.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International journal of legal medicine 111 (1998), S. 78-81 
    ISSN: 1437-1596
    Keywords: Key words Wound ballistics ; Starter’s pistols ; Blank cartridges ; Fatalities
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Law
    Notes: Abstract Lethal injuries of the thorax due to shots fired from blank cartridges calibre 8 mm are reported in three cases. The muzzle of the weapon was in contact with the left side of the breast (contact discharge) and injuries to bones were absent in all three cases. In two of the cases the pericardium was not involved but the anterior wall of the right heart ventricle was ruptured and death was due to cardiac tamponade. In the third case the pericardial sac and the left ventricle were both ruptured and the victim died due to rapid exsanguination. The cases demonstrate that the gas pressure from the exploding propellent of blank ammunition can be powerful enough to penetrate the thoracic wall.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    HNO 46 (1998), S. 986-992 
    ISSN: 1433-0458
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Knalltrauma ; Schalldruckspitzenpegel ; Schußknall ; Schreckschußwaffen ; Begutachtung ; Key words Acoustic trauma ; Peak sound pressure levels ; Gunshot noise ; Starter’s pistols ; Medico- legal opinions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Starter’s pistols are often bought for self-defense, but can also be used for criminal activities (e.g. assaults, etc.). When a starter’s pistol is loaded with blank cartridges and is fired, a powerful shooting noise results. The level of the noise produced is high enough to cause acoustic trauma. For legal examinations and giving an expert opinion further information is needed about the power of such noise. We examined how high peak sound pressure levels were of the gunshots of blank cartridges and whether there existed any directional characteristics from the noise emissions. In all, 15 different models of starter’s pistols of 8 different calibres were examined. In addition to blank cartridges, 8 mm tear gas cartridges were also examined. Four transducers were situated in the horizontal plane around the muzzle: 0° (shooting direction), 45°, 90°, and 180° (towards the firer). The distances between the transducers and the muzzle were 25 cm, 50 cm, 100 cm, and 200 cm. At a distance of 1 m and in the 0° shooting direction the peak sound pressure levels of nearly all weapons tested exceeded 160 dB. At a shooting distance of 25 cm the peak sound pressure levels reached 181 dB. In addition, we observed a directional characteristic concerning the emission of noise: pistols produced higher peak sound pressure levels to the front than backwards towards the firer.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Freiverkäufliche Schreckschußwaffen sind als Mittel zur Selbstverteidigung, aber auch zur Begehung von Straftaten verbreitet. Beim Verfeuern von Kartuschenmunition („Platzpatrone”) entsteht ein lautes Schußgeräusch. Dieses ist geeignet, Knalltraumata hervorzurufen. Zur juristischen und gutachterlichen Beurteilung werden Kenntnisse über die Höhe der Geräuschemission solcher Schreckschußknalle benötigt, die bislang im Schrifttum nicht vorliegen. Wir gingen daher den Fragen nach: „Wie hoch ist der Schalldruckspitzenpegel von Schreckschußknallen?” und „Gibt es eine Richtcharakteristik bezüglich der Geräuschemmssion?” Hierzu wurden 15 verschiedene Schreckschußwaffen von 8 unterschiedlichen Kalibern untersucht. Neben Knallkartuschen wurden in einem Kaliber auch Reizstoffkartuschen („Gaspatronen”) untersucht; 4 Druckaufnehmer wurden in der Horizontalebene in Winkeln von 0° (Schußrichtung), 45°, 90° und 180° (zum Schützen) um die Laufmündung angeordnet. Die Entfernungen zwischen den Mikrofonen und der Mündung betrugen je Meßreihe 25, 50, 100 und 200 cm. In Schußrichtung überschritten die Schalldruckspitzenpegel fast sämtlicher Waffen in 1 m Entfernung die hohen Grenzwerte von 160 dB. Bei Schußentfernungen von 25 cm lagen die Schalldruckspitzenpegel bis 181 dB. Auch zeigte sich eine deutliche Richtcharakteristik bezüglich der Geräuschemissionen, wobei insbesondere Pistolen nach vorne wesentlich stärkere Schalldrücke erzeugen, als nach hinten. Die entsprechenden Schalldruckspitzenpegel unterschiedlicher Waffen und Kaliber sind aufgeführt. Der Beitrag bietet auch eine Hilfe bei der HNO-ärztlichen Begutachtung entsprechender Fälle.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International journal of legal medicine 107 (1995), S. 250-256 
    ISSN: 1437-1596
    Keywords: Lethal hypothermia ; Paradoxical undressing ; Scene ; Terminal behaviour ; Letale Hypothermie ; Kälteidiotie ; Fundortsituation ; Finales Verhalten
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Law
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Zwischen 1978 und 1994 gelangten 69 primäre tödliche Unterkühlungsfälle zur Obduktion in unser Institut. Neben den allgemeinen Zeichen der Unterkühlung galt unser Augenmerk insbesondere dem Phänomen der „Kälteidiotie”. Hierunter wird das paradoxe Entkleiden von Personen in erheblich unterkühltem Zustand verstanden, offenbar ein Effekt der peripheren Vasodilatation mit der Entstehung eines subjektiven Hitzegefühles. In unserem Fallmaterial trat dieses paradoxe Entkleiden in 25% der Fälle auf. In fast all diesen Fällen zeigte sich aber noch ein weiteres Phänomen, das bisher in der uns zugänglichen Literatur nicht beschrieben wurde. Fast alle Leichen mit teilweiser oder vollständiger Entkleidung wurden in einer Position aufgefunden, die auf einen finalen Schutzmechanismus hinwiesen. Die Leichen lagen unter dem Bett, hinter dem Schrank, in einem Regal etc. Offenbar handelt es sich hier um autonome Stammhirnprozesse, die im finalen Stadium der Unterkühlung ablaufen und primitives Schutz- oder Höhlenverhalten, wie man es von Tieren her kennt, erkennen lassen. Dieses Phänomen, das wir zunächst „finales Höhlenverhalten” nennen und zur „Kälteidiotie” zu gehören scheint, tritt bevorzugt bei langsamer Abkühlung und moderater Kälte auf.
    Notes: Abstract Between 1978 and 1994, 69 cases of death due to lethal hypothermia were examined in our Institute. In addition to the common findings associated with hypothermia we especially wanted to examine the so-called paradox reaction which refers to the undressing of persons in a state of severe (lethal) hypothermia. This is obviously the result of a peripheral vasodilatation effecting a feeling of warmth. In our material this paradoxical undressing occurred in 25% of the cases and nearly all exhibited an additional phenomenon which has not yet been described in the literature. Nearly all bodies with partial or complete disrobement were found in a position which indicated a final mechanism of protection i.e. under a bed, behind a wardrobe, in a shelf etc.. This is obviously an autonomous process of the brain stem, which is triggered in the final state of hypothermia and produces a primitive and burrowing-like behaviour of protection, as seen in (hibernating) animals. This phenomenon, which we refer to as “terminal burrowing behaviour”, occurred predominantly with slow decreases in temperature and moderately cold conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International journal of legal medicine 108 (1995), S. 116-116 
    ISSN: 1437-1596
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Law
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 51 (1995), S. 267-269 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Parnassius phoebus ; Apollo butterfly ; Papilionidae ; Sedum ; defense substance ; cyanoglucoside ; sarmentosin ; sequestration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A bitter tasting cyanoglucoside, sarmentosin, was isolated from an aposematic Apollo butterfly,Parnassius phoebus, and from its plant-host,Sedum stenopetalum. The content of sarmentosin in the body tissues was as high as 500 μg/insect, suggesting a defensive role for this substance; a high concentration was detected in the wings. Sarmentosin was also present in the eggs.
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