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  • 1
    ISSN: 1520-4804
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    Forum for health economics & policy 1 (1998), S. 3 
    ISSN: 1558-9544
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Medicine , Economics
    Notes: Recently controversy has surrounded the issue of whether Social Security payments to the elderly should continue to be adjusted automatically according to changes in the Consumer Price Index (CPI). One issue in the public policy debate concerns whether price inflation is different for the elderly, particularly because the official Bureau of Labor Statistics price indexes for medical care have been growing more rapidly than the overall CPI, and medical care expenditures constitute a larger proportion of the elderly's budget than of the young's.Using annual IMS data from 1990 to 1996, we examine empirically whether elderly-nonelderly price inflation differentials exist for prescription pharmaceuticals. We assess prices for prescription drugs destined for ultimate use by the elderly versus the nonelderly at three points in the distribution chain: initial sales from manufacturers, intermediate purchases by retail pharmacies, and final sales from retail pharmacies to patients or payors. We find that at the initial point in the distribution chain, no differences in price inflation exist for the aggregate of drugs destined for use by the elderly versus those for the nonelderly. At the intermediate sell-in point to pharmacy distribution, we examine antibiotics (ABs), antidepressants (ADs), and calcium channel blockers (CCBs). For ABs, since 1992 price inflation has been somewhat greater for the elderly than for the young, reflecting in part the elderly's more intensive use of newer branded products having fewer side effects, adverse drug interactions and more convenient dosing--attributes of particular importance to the elderly. For ADs, price inoation is considerably less for the elderly than for the young, due in large part to the elderly's greater use of older generic products. For CCBs, elderly-nonelderly differentials are negligible. None of these differentials adjust for variations in quality.At the final retail sell-out point, we examine only ADs. We find that because retailers obtain larger gross margins on generic than on branded products, and because the elderly are disproportionately large users of generic ADs, the elderly-nonelderly price inflation differential benefiting the elderly at the intermediate point is reduced considerably at final sale.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Macromolecules 28 (1995), S. 6957-6962 
    ISSN: 1520-5835
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
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    Bloomington, Ill. : Periodicals Archive Online (PAO)
    Journal of Educational Research. 14:5 (1926:Dec.) 370 
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Key words Ergogenics – amino acids – exercise – arginine aspartate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Background: Athletes consume arginine and/or aspartate as potential nutritional ergogenics. Their metabolic effects are controversial and there is some evidence that ingestion of large doses of single amino acids can adversely affect the nitrogen balance or induce an amino acid imbalance. Nevertheless, the general metabolic influence of an arginine aspartate supplementation during a prolonged exercise bout has not yet been investigated. Aim of the study: The aim of this study was, therefore, to investigate the general metabolic impact of a chronic supplementation with arginine aspartate in endurance-trained athletes at rest and during a marathon run. Methods: Fourteen endurance-trained runners participated in this field study which was carried out according to a double-blind crossover design. 15 g of arginine aspartate or a carbohydrate-based placebo were supplemented daily for 14 days before a marathon run. Blood samples for analysis of metabolites and hormones were collected shortly before the run, after 31 km, at the end of the run, and after a recovery period of two hours. Additionally, the respiratory exchange ratio was determined during the run. Results: The plasma level of carbohydrate (glucose, lactate, pyruvate) and fat metabolites (fatty acids, glycerol, β-hydroxybutyrate), cortisol, insulin, ammonia, lactate dehydrogenase, and creatine kinase as well as the respiratory exchange ratio were unaffected by the supplementation. In contrast, the plasma level of somatotropic hormone, glucagon, urea, and arginine were significantly increased, and the level of most of the remaining plasma amino acids as well as their sun was significantly reduced. Conclusions: There was no obvious metabolic benefit derived from the chronic supplementation with arginine aspartate. And since furthermore the consequences of a reduction of the total plasma amino acid level are not known, the practice of using single amino acid supplements as potential ergogenics should be critically reevaluated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Der Chirurg 69 (1998), S. 717-724 
    ISSN: 1433-0385
    Keywords: Key words: Micrometastases ; Immune suppression ; Immune correction ; Tumor immunology ; Immune corrective surgery. ; Schlüsselwörter: Mikrometastasen ; Immunsuppression ; Immunkorrigierung ; Tumorimmunologie ; immunkorrektive Chirurgie.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung. Bei ca. 50 % der Patienten mit lokalisiertem colorectalem Carcinom werden im Verlauf der Erkrankung Rezidive gesichert. Diese Rezidive werden als Manifestation von, bei der Erstoperation nicht entfernten, regionalen oder extraregionalen Mikrometastasen aufgefaßt (peripheres Blut oder Knochenmark). In unserer Arbeitsgruppe wurde ein Verfahren zur Entdeckung nicht sichtbarer, abdomineller Metastasen entwickelt. Dazu wird vor der Operation ein radioaktiv markierter Antitumorzellen-Antikörper injiziert („radioimmunoguided surgery“, RIGS). Trotz Einsatz fortschrittlicher Technologien ist es nicht möglich, im Falle einer hämatogenen Dissemination alle Mikrometastasen zu entfernen. Ausgehend von dem Wissen um die gestörte humorale Immunantwort, die gegen die freigesetzten tumorassoziierten Antigene (TAA), gerichtet ist, haben wir eine neue Methodik entwickelt, um die Immunantwort der B-Zellen und die Rekrutierung aller B-Zellen, verursacht durch die chronische TAA-Immunkomplexpräsentation auf den folliculären dentritischen Zellen, zu reduzieren und zu korrigieren („immune corrective surgery“, ICS). Diese Methode basiert auf einer selektiven Lymphadenektomie. Die Ziellymphknoten sind die, welche mit TAA-Immunkomplexen beladen sind. Als Detektionsmethode wählten wir die Injektion von radioaktiv markierten Antikörpern, die fähig sind, die Immunkomplexe zu erkennen. Von 20 Patienten (Stadium I, II und III), die mit ICS therapiert wurden, überlebten 17 mehr als 5 Jahre. Wenn diese Patientengruppe mit einer historischen Gruppe verglichen wird, zeigt sich ein signifikanter Überlebensvorteil. Zusammenfassend zeigen diese Daten, daß die Chirurgie des colorectalen Carcinoms selektiv auf spezifische anatomische Regionen ausgedehnt werden sollte, um bisher verborgen gebliebene Mikrometastasen zu entfernen. Ein weiterer, noch wichtigerer Vorteil ist es, daß die postoperative Immunantwort korrigiert wird, die die T-Zellantwort gegen residuale Tumorzellen supprimieren könnte.
    Notes: Summary. Recurrence of colorectal carcinomas occurs in about 50 % of the cases with localized neoplasia. It is understood that the tumor recurrence is due to residual micrometastases not found during surgery or extraregional (peripheral blood or bone marrow). We developed a procedure to detect non-visible, abdominal metastases using a radiolabeled anti-tumor cell antibody injected before the operation (radioimmunoguided surgery, RIGS). However, even with the best technique, it is not possible to remove all micrometastasis if a hematogenic dissemination happens. Based on the knowledge of disturbing humoral immune reaction is mounted against shed tumor associated antigens (TAA), we developed a new method to reduce and correct the B cell response and B cell recruitment due to chronic TAA immun complex presentation on follicular dendritic cells (immune corrective surgery, ICS). This method is based on a selective lymphadenectomy. The target lymph nodes were those loaded with TAA-immune complex. The detection method used was the injection of radiolabeled antibody able to recognize the immune complex. From 20 patients (stage I, II and III) treated with ICS, 17 survived more than 5 years ’ showing a statistically significant increase of survival compared to patients treated with standard procedures. In conclusion, these data show that surgery of colorectal cancer should be selectively extended to specific anatomical regions in order to remove hidden micrometastases, and more importantly, correct postoperative immune processes that could suppress the T cell response against residual tumor cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
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    Washington, D.C. : Periodicals Archive Online (PAO)
    Arts Education Policy Review. 29 (1927:May-1928:Apr.) 16 
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  • 8
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    Washington, D.C. : Periodicals Archive Online (PAO)
    Arts Education Policy Review. 29 (1927:May-1928:Apr.) 17 
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Der Orthopäde 27 (1998), S. 637-641 
    ISSN: 1433-0431
    Keywords: Key words Total knee arthroplasty • Patellar replacement • Remodelling • Long term follow-up ; Schlüsselwörter Knietotalendoprothetik • Patellaersatz • Remodelling • Langzeitergebnisse
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In der Totalendoprothetik des Kniegelenks ist die Patellarückfläche ein wesentliches Langzeitproblem. Die Diskussion, ob die Patellarückfläche ersetzt werden soll, oder nicht, bleibt kontrovers. Wir berichten über unsere Erfahrungen mit der „De Puy New Jersey LCS-Knieprothese“, die wir seit 1990 in über 700 Kniegelenken prinzipiell ohne Ersatz der Patellarückfläche implantiert haben. Seit mitte 1990 wurde standardisiert ein lateraler Zugang mit Osteotomie der Tuberositas tibiae verwendet. Die Patella wurde entweder von den Randosteophyten befreit, aus Narbensträngen lysiert oder vollständig unberührt gelassen. Die Patellarückfläche wurde in keinem Fall primär prothetisch versorgt. Die Erfahrung in den letzten 7 Jahren bezüglich des Femoropatellargelenks sind durchwegs erfreulich. Kein einziges Kniegelenk mußte wegen sekundär aufgetretenen femoropatellaren, nichttraumatischen Problemen revidiert werden. Radiologisch zeigt sich im Verlauf eine ossäre Remodellierungstendenz der Patella, die sich so dem Prothesendesign anpaßt. Parallel dazu hält oder verbessert sich die Kniegelenkfunktion (gemessen mit dem New Jersey Knee Score) kontinuierlich.
    Notes: Summary As shown in long term follow-up studies of Total Knee Arthroplasty (TKA), the femoropatellar joint is an important problem. We report our experience over the past seven years not having resurfaced the patella at the primary TKA at all. Between 1990 and 1997 more than 700 consecutive TKA with the De Puy New Jersey LCS® prosthesis were performed. A standardised lateral approach with osteotomy of the tibial tuberosity was used. The patella was redressed, either denervated or left untouched. In no case a primary patellar resurfacing was performed. X-rays of the patello-femoral joint showed a remodelling of the patella over the years, nicely matching the condylar design of the femoral prosthesis. Using a blood-supply-preserving approach and a biomechanically adequate implant, TKA without patellar replacement gives excellent long-term results.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
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    University, Alabama : Periodicals Archive Online (PAO)
    Revista de estudios hispánicos. 29:3 (1995:Oct.) 441 
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