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  • 1995-1999  (2)
  • 1905-1909
  • Dopamine  (1)
  • Food efficiency ratio  (1)
  • 1
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 130 (1997), S. 28-40 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Nicotine ; Self-administration ; Dopamine ; Reinforcement
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract  Studies of nicotine self-administration in animal and human subjects are discussed with respect to the behavioral paradigms employed, the effects of nicotine dose manipulations and nicotinic agonist/antagonist pre-treatment, and the role of neurochemical processes mediating reinforcement. Animal models have focused on intravenous nicotine self-administration, while most studies in human subjects have studied cigarette smoking behavior. Despite procedural differences, data from both animal and human studies show an inverted-U function relating nicotine dose to self-administration behavior, with maximal rates of responding occurring at intermediate doses of nicotine. Moreover, nicotine supplementation via non-contingent nicotine administration suppresses nicotine self-administration behavior in both animal models and human cigarette smokers. Nicotine antagonist treatment also reduces responding, although human studies usually find a transient increase in smoking, which is interpreted as an attempt to compensate for nicotinic receptor blockade. Amongst the neurochemical systems which have been examined, most emphasis has been given to dopamine. The mesolimbic dopamine pathway has been implicated in nicotine reward based on animal studies, and research with humans suggests a role for dopaminergic processes as well. However, dopaminergic blockade appears to increase cigarette smoking behavior in humans, while in animals nicotine self-administration is attenuated. Future research should exploit the complementary aspects of animal models and human paradigms to provide a coherent understanding of nicotine reinforcement. Animal models allow for analysis of anatomical and physiological mechanisms underlying nicotine self-administration; human studies validate the relevance to tobacco dependence and smoking cessation treatment.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 2
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Plant foods for human nutrition 49 (1996), S. 139-145 
    ISSN: 1573-9104
    Schlagwort(e): Sinasin ; Rice flat bread ; Food preparation ; Kanuri diet ; Proximate composition ; Nutrition ; Protein efficiency ratio ; Food efficiency ratio ; Borno State ; Nigeria
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Two types of sinasin, a rice-based fermented kanuri flat bread, were prepared and evaluated for their nutrient content and nutritional qualities. The preparation of the sinasin entailed using ‘traditional’ and ‘developed’ methods. The nutritional qualities of the products were evaluated in Wistar-strain albino rats using the Food Efficiency Ratio (FER), and Protein Efficiency Ratio (PER) methods. There was a higher protein content (11.11 percent) in the traditional sinasin than in the developed sinasin (9.93 percent). However, a one-way analysis of variance indicated no significant difference in FER, but a significantly different mean PER (p〈0.01) of 1.3 and 1.5 for the traditional and developed sinasin respectively. The two methods of preparation of the sinasin, their nutrient composition and nutritional qualities are described in this paper.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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