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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A photonic switch based on a gigantic, reversible optical nonlinearity of liquefying gallium (1998)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 73 (1998), S. 1787-1789 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Liquefying gallium shows a huge reversible optical nonlinearity which is compatible with waveguide technology and promises to be a breakthrough in broadband, light-by-light modulation at milliwatt operating power levels and frequency band spanning up to several hundred kilohertz. © 1998 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.122282
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Signal but not noise changes with perceptual learning (1999)
    [s.l.] : Macmillian Magazines Ltd.
    Nature 402 (1999), S. 176-178 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Perceptual discrimination improves with practice. This ‘perceptual learning’ is often specific to the stimuli presented during training, indicating that practice may alter the response characteristics of cortical sensory neurons. Although much is known about how learning modifies ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/46027
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Early and late insulin response as predictors of NIDDM in Pima Indians with impaired glucose tolerance (1995)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 38 (1995), S. 187-192 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Impaired glucose tolerance ; insulin response ; cholesterol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Risk factors predicting deterioration to diabetes mellitus were examined in 181 subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. Fifty-seven subjects had impaired glucose tolerance on one occasion followed by normal glucose tolerance at a repeat oral glucose tolerance test, and 124 subjects had impaired glucose tolerance on two successive oral glucose tolerance tests. Subjects were followed for a median period of 5.0 years (range 1.0–17.2). The age- and sex-adjusted cumulative incidence of diabetes at 10 years of follow-up was higher in subjects who had impaired glucose tolerance on both tests (70%) than in those whose glucose tolerance was normal at the repeat test (53%), [rate ratio (RR)=1.6, 95% confidence intervals (CI)=1.0–2.5]. Proportional hazards analyses were used to identify baseline risk factors (measured at the repeat oral glucose tolerance test) for subsequent diabetes, and incidence rate ratios were calculated for the 90th percentile compared with the 10th percentile of each continuous variable for the whole group. In all subjects, in separate models, higher body mass index [RR=2.0, 95% CI=2.2–9.9], high fasting serum insulin concentrations [RR=2.4, 95% CI=1.4–4.2], and low early insulin response [RR=0.5, 95% CI=0.3–0.8] 30 min after a glucose load were significant predictors for deterioration to diabetes. In a multivariate analysis which controlled for age and sex, 120-min post-load glucose, fasting insulin and late insulin response predicted diabetes. In subgroup analyses the predictors of diabetes were generally similar in subjects who had impaired glucose tolerance at only one test and those who had impaired glucose tolerance on both tests. These findings suggest that in those subjects with impaired glucose tolerance whose glucose tolerance has returned to normal, the risk of subsequent diabetes is high. Insulin resistance, impaired early insulin response, or both, are predictive of subsequent development of diabetes in Pima Indians with impaired glucose tolerance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00400093
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Diabetic nephropathy: a risk factor for diabetes mellitus in offspring (1995)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 38 (1995), S. 221-226 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Familial aggregation ; diabetes mellitus ; nephropathy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Both non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and diabetic nephropathy show familial aggregation. If diabetes and renal disease have independent determinants (genetic or otherwise), offspring of parents with diabetic renal disease should have a similar risk of diabetes to those offspring of parents with diabetes alone. To test this hypothesis, the prevalence of diabetes was examined in a population-based pedigree study in Pima Indian offspring of three mutually exclusive parental types: 1) diabetic with renal disease, 2) diabetic, but without renal disease and 3) non-diabetic. Among offspring of one diabetic parent and one non-diabetic parent (n=320) the prevalence of diabetes at ages 15–24 years and 25–34 years was 0% and 11%, respectively if the diabetic parent did not have renal disease compared with 6% and 28% respectively if the diabetic parent did have renal disease. Corresponding rates for offspring of two diabetic parents (n=121) were 10% and 17%, respectively if neither parent had renal disease compared with 30% and 50%, respectively if one parent did have renal disease. The presence of renal disease in a parent with diabetes relative to diabetes alone was associated with 2.5 times the odds of diabetes (95% confidence interval 1.4–4.3) in the offspring controlled for age, age at onset of parental diabetes and diabetes in the other parent using logistic regression. These findings provide support for parental diabetic renal disease, independent of age at onset of parental diabetes, conferring an increased risk for diabetes in the offspring. The results are compatible with the hypothesis that the susceptibility to renal disease in the parents and to diabetes in the offspring are due to shared familial environmental factors or to the same gene or set of genes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00400098
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Diagnosing diabetes mellitus – do we need new criteria? (1997)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 40 (1997), S. 247-255 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Keywords Diabetes mellitus ; diagnosis ; oral glucose tolerance test ; fasting plasma glucose ; 2-h plasma glucose ; haemoglobin A1c ; retinopathy ; nephropathy ; complications.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The current classification and diagnostic criteria for diabetes mellitus were introduced by the United States National Data Group in 1979 and endorsed by the World Health Organization in 1980, with modifications in 1985 and 1994. The criteria, chosen to reflect the risk of complications, were the synthesis of considerable thought and expertise and represented a consensus which, it was hoped, would prove helpful to all those involved with diabetes – practising clinician, research scientist and epidemiologist alike. The inconvenience, variability and nonphysiological nature of the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) are well-recognised. In spite of these limitations the 2-h post-load plasma glucose has remained the standard against which all other tests have been evaluated. This article reviews the original justification for the OGTT, and in the light of more recent epidemiological research seeks to place the current diagnostic criteria for diabetes into a pathophysiological, diagnostic and prognostic perspective. [Diabetologia (1997) 40: 247–255]
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001250050671
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Podocyte number predicts long-term urinary albumin excretion in Pima Indians with Type II diabetes and microalbuminuria (1999)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 42 (1999), S. 1341-1344 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Key words Type II diabetes mellitus ; diabetic nephropathies ; epithelial cell ; glomerulus ; Indians ; North American.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Aims/hypothesis. The predictive value of glomerular structure on progression of renal disease was examined in patients with Type II (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes and microalbuminuria (urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio = 30–299 mg/g). Methods. Kidney biopsy specimens were obtained from 16 diabetic Pima Indians (6 men, 10 women). Progression of renal disease was assessed by measuring urinary albumin excretion 4 years after the biopsy (UAE4 years) and by computing the change in urinary albumin excretion during the study (Δ UAE). Results. At baseline, the duration of diabetes averaged 13.3 years (range = 4.0–23.8 years) and the mean glomerular filtration rate was 159 ml · min–1· 1.73m–2 (range = 98 – 239 ml · min–1· 1.73m–2). Median urinary albumin excretion was 67 mg/g (range = 25–136 mg/g) and it increased to 625 mg/g (range = 9–13471 mg/g) after 4 years; 10 subjects (63 %; 4 men, 6 women) developed macroalbuminuria (urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio ≥ 300 mg/g). Neither mean arterial pressure nor HbA1 c changed substantially during follow-up. Among the glomerular morphologic characteristics, the number of visceral epithelial cells, or podocytes, per glomerulus was the strongest predictor of renal disease progression (UAE4 years, r = –0.49, p = 0.05; ΔUAE, r = –0.57, p = 0.02), with fewer cells predicting more rapid progression. Glomerular basement membrane thickness did not predict progression (UAE4 years, r = 0.11, p = 0.67; ΔUAE, r = 0.09, p = 0.73) and mesangial volume fraction had only a modest effect (UAE4 years, r = 0.42, p = 0.11; ΔUAE, r = 0.48, p = 0.06). Conclusion/interpretation. Whether lower epithelial cell number per glomerulus among those that progressed was due to cellular destruction, a reduced complement of epithelial cells, or both is uncertain. Nevertheless, these findings suggest that podocytes play an important part in the development and progression of diabetic renal disease. [Diabetologia (1999) 42: 1341–1344]
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001250051447
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Diabetic nephropathy: a risk factor for diabetes mellitus in offspring (1995)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 38 (1995), S. 221-226 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Key words Familial aggregation ; diabetes mellitus ; nephropathy.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Both non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and diabetic nephropathy show familial aggregation. If diabetes and renal disease have independent determinants (genetic or otherwise), offspring of parents with diabetic renal disease should have a similar risk of diabetes to those offspring of parents with diabetes alone. To test this hypothesis, the prevalence of diabetes was examined in a population-based pedigree study in Pima Indian offspring of three mutually exclusive parental types: 1) diabetic with renal disease, 2) diabetic, but without renal disease and 3) non-diabetic. Among offspring of one diabetic parent and one non-diabetic parent (n = 320) the prevalence of diabetes at ages 15–24 years and 25–34 years was 0 % and 11 %, respectively if the diabetic parent did not have renal disease compared with 6 % and 28 % respectively if the diabetic parent did have renal disease. Corresponding rates for offspring of two diabetic parents (n = 121) were 10 % and 17 %, respectively if neither parent had renal disease compared with 30 % and 50 %, respectively if one parent did have renal disease. The presence of renal disease in a parent with diabetes relative to diabetes alone was associated with 2.5 times the odds of diabetes (95 % confidence interval 1.4–4.3) in the offspring controlled for age, age at onset of parental diabetes and diabetes in the other parent using logistic regression. These findings provide support for parental diabetic renal disease, independent of age at onset of parental diabetes, conferring an increased risk for diabetes in the offspring. The results are compatible with the hypothesis that the susceptibility to renal disease in the parents and to diabetes in the offspring are due to shared familial environmental factors or to the same gene or set of genes. [Diabetologia (1995) 38: 221–226]
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00400098
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Parental hypertension and proteinuria in Pima Indians with NIDDM (1996)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 39 (1996), S. 433-438 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Keywords Diabetic nephropathy ; hypertension ; familial predisposition ; non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus ; Pima Indians.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary To determine if parental hypertension is associated with proteinuria in offspring with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), 438 diabetic Pima Indians (172 men, 266 women) aged 20 years or more and both of their parents were examined. Hypertension was defined as a systolic blood pressure 140 mm Hg or more, diastolic blood pressure 90 mm Hg or more, or treatment with antihypertensive medicine. Sixty-three percent of the fathers and 80 % of the mothers had diabetes at the time their blood pressure was measured. Families in which either parent had proteinuria, defined as a urine protein-to-creatinine ratio ≥ 0.5 g/g were excluded; 73 (16.7 %) of the offspring had proteinuria. The prevalence rates of proteinuria in the offspring were similar if neither parent or only one parent had hypertension (8.9 and 9.4 %, respectively), but was significantly higher if both parents had hypertension (18.8 %), after adjustment for age, sex, duration of diabetes, and 2-h post-load plasma glucose concentration in the offspring and diabetes in the parents by logistic regression. The odds for proteinuria being present in the offspring if both parents had hypertension was 2.2 times (95 % confidence interval, 1.2 to 4.2) that if only one parent had hypertension. When mean arterial pressure and blood pressure treatment in the offspring were added to the model the relationship remained (odds ratio = 2.2; 95 % confidence interval, 1.1 to 4.3). Hypertension in both parents is associated with the development of proteinuria in offspring with NIDDM. This relationship was present even when controlled for the effects of blood pressure and its treatment in the offspring. [Diabetologia (1996) 39: 433–438]
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00400674
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Increasing prevalence of Type II diabetes in American Indian children (1998)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 41 (1998), S. 904-910 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Keywords Prevalence ; epidemic ; children ; Type II diabetes ; obesity ; diabetic pregnancy.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Until recently, Type II diabetes was considered rare in children. The disease is, however, increasing among children in populations with high rates of Type II diabetes in adults. The prevalence of Type II diabetes was determined in 5274 Pima Indian children between 1967 and 1996 in three 10-year time periods, for age groups 5–9, 10–14 and 15–19 years. Diabetes was diagnosed using World Health Organisation criteria, based on an oral glucose tolerance test. The prevalence of diabetes increased over time in children aged 10 years and over: in boys from 0 % in 1967–1976 to 1.4 % in 1987–1996 in the 10–14 year old age group, and from 2.43 % to 3.78 % for age group 15–19 and in girls from 0.72 % in 1967–1976 to 2.88 % in 1987–1996 in the 10–14 year old age group, and from 2.73 % to 5.31 % for age group 15–19 years. Along with the increase in the prevalence of Type II diabetes (p 〈 0.0001), there was an increase in weight (calculated as percentage of relative weight, p 〈 0.0001), and in frequency of exposure to diabetes in utero (p 〈 0.0001). The increasing weight and increasing frequency of exposure to diabetes in utero accounted for most of the increase in diabetes prevalence in Pima Indian children over the past 30 years. Type II diabetes is now a common disease in American Indian children aged 10 or more years and has increased dramatically over time, along with increasing weight. A vicious cycle related to an increase in the frequency of exposure to diabetes in utero appears to be an important feature of this epidemic. [Diabetologia (1998) 41: 904–910]
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001250051006
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Changing glomerular filtration with progression from impaired glucose tolerance to Type II diabetes mellitus (Short Communications) (1999)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 42 (1999), S. 90-93 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Keywords Diabetic Renal Disease Study ; glomerular filtration rate ; impaired glucose tolerance ; Type II diabetes ; Pima Indians.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Glomerular filtration rate (iothalamate clearance) was measured serially for 48 months in 26 Pima Indians with impaired glucose tolerance and 27 with normal glucose tolerance. At baseline, the mean glomerular filtration rate (SEM) was 133 ± 8 ml/min in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance and 123 ± 5 ml/min in those with normal glucose tolerance (p = 0.12). In the 12 subjects with impaired glucose tolerance who progressed to Type II (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes during follow-up, mean glomerular filtration rate increased by 30 % (p = 0.011). Among the remaining 14 subjects with impaired glucose tolerance, 12 reverted to normoglycaemia. The glomerular filtration rate both at baseline and after 48 months in this subgroup exceeded the values of subjects with normal glucose tolerance by 20 % (p = 0.008) and 14 % (p = 0.013), respectively. A pronounced rise in the glomerular filtration rate occurs at the onset of Type II diabetes but a trend to hyperfiltration is also present in those with impaired glucose tolerance. [Diabetologia (1999) 42: 90–93]
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001250051118
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