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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Der Nervenarzt 69 (1998), S. 1029-1036 
    ISSN: 1433-0407
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Neuronavigation ; Rahmenlose Stereotaxie ; Bildgeführte Neurochirurgie ; Computerassistierte Chirurgie ; Neurochirurgische Operationsmethoden ; Key words Neuronavigation ; Frameless stereotaxy ; Image-guided neurosurgery ; Computer- assisted surgery ; Neurosurgery method
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary With the recent developments in computer technology and the improvements in modern neuroimaging, frame-based stereotactic guidance for open microsurgical procedures has been increasingly replaced by neuronavigation, also called frameless stereotaxy. It allows transfer of individual patientís images onto the operative field to assist the neurosurgeon intraoperatively in defining the tumor margins or identifying functionally important brain areas. The different localization techniques employed are articulated position-sensing arms, infrared or ultrasound systems working with the principle of satellite navigation and robotic systems integrated with the operating microscope. In 200 operations performed with different systems (arm-based, robotic and infrared) the method proved to be helpful, enabling fewer invasive procedures to be performed. With a mean deviation of 2.87±1.9 mm for intraoperative localization, the accuracy was only slightly worse than in frame-based stereotaxy with deviations below 2 mm. Neuronavigation was most helpful for operations on deeply seated lesions, skull-base tumors and lesions in brain areas with high functionality. The major disadvantage is the use of preoperative data for navigation, leading to inaccuracies when anatomical structures are altered during the operation by resection of tumors or shift of intracranial soft tissue. Intraoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) might be a solution for this problem. With the method of intraoperative MRI developed in our department it has already been possible to update neuronavigation with images reflecting intraoperative changes in anatomy. Therefore, neuronavigation is definitely a method with growing importance in operative routine, and it will also spread into other surgical specialties.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Mit den Fortschritten in der Computertechnologie und der neuroradiologischen Bildgebung wurde die Entwicklung der Neuronavigation möglich. Diese wird seither immer häufiger angewendet und hat die rahmenbasierte Stereotaxie zur intraoperativen Führung bei mikrochirurgischen, intrakraniellen Operationen weitgehend abgelöst. Mit Hilfe von dreidimensionalen Digitalisierinstrumenten werden dabei die präoperativ angefertigten CT- oder MRT- Bilder eines Patienten währen der Operation auf den Operationssitus übertragen. So wird eine genaue Lokalisation von Läsionen wie Tumoren oder anatomischen Strukturen ermöglicht. Die verwendeten Techniken wie positionsfühlende Gelenkarme, Infrarot- oder Robotersysteme werden ebenso wie die Anwendung in der klinischen Routine dargestellt. In 200 Eingriffen, die mit Neuronavigation durchgeführt wurden, hat sich die Methode als sehr hilfreich zur minimal invasiven Eingriffsplanung und -durchführung erwiesen. Mit Abweichungen zwischen 2 und 4 mm ist die Genauigkeit nur geringfügig schlechter als die Werte, wie sie für die rahmenbasierte Stereotaxie angegeben werden. Als besonders vorteilhaft wurde die Navigation von den Operateuren bei Eingriffen an der Schädelbasis sowie kleinen, tiefliegenden oder in eloquenten Arealen gelegenen Läsionen eingestuft. Hauptnachteil der Methode ist die Verwendung von präoperativem Bildmaterial, was zu Ungenauigkeiten führt, wenn es im Verlauf einer Operation durch zunehmende Tumorresektion zu Veränderungen der Anatomie kommt. Hier könnten Verfahren der intraoperativen Bildgebung wie der MRT eine Lösung darstellen. So ist es uns bereits gelungen, durch Aktualisierung der Navigationsdaten mit intraoperativer MRT Verschiebungen auszugleichen. Diese Entwicklungen werden zu einer zunehmenden Bedeutung der Neuronavigation in der operativen Routine führen, was durch eine Senkung der Operationsmorbidität auch erhebliche Auswirkungen auf die Indikationsstellung zu neurochirurgischen Eingriffen haben wird.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neurochirurgica 138 (1996), S. 1300-1306 
    ISSN: 0942-0940
    Keywords: Precentral stimulation ; anaesthesia dolorosa ; post herpetic neuralgia ; deafferentation pain
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The results of Deep Brain Stimulation in deafferentation pain syndromes, in particular in thalamic pain, indicate that excellent long-term pain relief can hardly ever be achieved. We report 7 cases using Motor-Cortex-Stimulation for treating severe trigeminal neuropathic pain syndromes, i.e., dysaesthesia, anaesthesia dolorosa and postherpetic neuralgia. The first implantation of the stimulation device for precentral cerebral stimulation was performed in June 1993, the last in September 1995. In all but one case the impulse-generator was implanted after a successful period of test stimulation. Successful means a pain reduction of more than 50% as assessed with a Visual Analogue Scale. Excluding one case, in whom a prolonged focal seizure resulting in a postictal speech arrest occurred during test stimulation, there have been no operative complications and the postoperative course was uneventful. In all the other patients the pain inhibition appeared below the threshold for producting motor effects. Initially these patients reported a good to excellent pain relief. In three of 6 patients a good to excellent pain control was maintained for a follow-up period of 5 months to 2 years. In the remaining three patients the positive effect decreased over several months.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-2102
    Keywords: Key words Intraoperative • MRI • Brain tumor • Extend of resection • Image guided surgery ; Schlüsselwörter Intraoperativ • MRT • Hirntumor • Operationsradikalität • Neuronavigation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Auch für erfahrene Neurochirurgen ist es außerordentlich schwierig bis unmöglich, intraoperativ die Grenze eines hirneigenen Tumors zu erkennen und entsprechend dieser Grenze eine „Totalentfernung“ des Tumors durchzuführen. Verschiedene Studien zeigten die Unzuverlässigkeit der intraoperativen Einschätzung der Operationsradikalität. Während intraoperative CT-Kontrollen und intraoperative Ultraschallkontrollen bereits seit längerem eingesetzt werden, wurde der Magnetresonanztomographie – der bildgebenden Methode mit der höchsten Weichteilauflösung – dieser Anwendungsbereich erst kürzlich durch die Entwicklung „offener“ MR-Systeme erschlossen. Im Operationstrakt der neurochirurgischen Klinik der Universität Heidelberg wurde ein offener MR-Tomograph installiert, an dem neben Biopsieentnahmen und neurochirurgischen Interventionen auch intraoperative MR-Kontrollen der Operationsradikalität durchgeführt werden. Unsere ersten Erfahrungen deuten darauf hin, daß durch den Einsatz intraoperativer MRT die Operationsradikalität neurochirurgischer Eingriffe gesteigert werden kann. Allerdings war bei allen Patienten durch die chirurgische Manipulation selbst verursachtes Kontrastmittelenhancement nachweisbar, das z. T. Verwechslungspotential mit Resttumor besaß.
    Notes: Purpose: The main aim of our study was to find out whether the combined use of neuronavigation and intraoperative MRI can increase the rate of “complete tumor removal”. The second aim was to characterize the different forms of surgically induced enhancement in order to differentiate them from residual tumor. Materials and methods: Surgery was performed in 18 patients with high-grade glioma. Using a neuronavigation device, the surgeons operated up to the point where they would otherwise have terminated surgery. Intraoperative MRI was then performed to determine whether residual enhancing had been left behind and to update the neuronavigation device. If necessary, feasible surgery was continued. On days 1–3 after surgery early postoperative MRI (1.5 T) was performed. The proportion of patients in whom the enhancing tumor was completely removed was compared with a series of 60 patients with glioblastoma multiforme, who had been operated on using neither neuronavigation nor intraoperative MRI . We also looked for and characterized different types of surgically induced enhancement. Results: Intraoperative MRI definitely showed residual tumor in 6 of the 18 patients and resulted in ambiguous findings in 3 patients. In 7 patients surgery was continued. Early postoperative MRI showed residual tumor in 3 patients and resulted in uncertain findings in 2 patients. The rate of patients in whom complete removal of enhancing tumor could be achieved was 50 % at the time of the intraoperative MR examination and 72 % at the time of the early postoperative MR control. The difference in proportion of patients with “complete tumor removal” between the groups who had been operated on using neuronavigation (NN) and intraoperative MRI (ioMRI) and those who had been operated on using only modern neurosurgical techniques except NN and ioMRI was statistically highly significant (Fisher exact test; P = 0.008). Four different types of surgically induced contrast enhancement were observed. These phenomena carry different confounding potentials with residual tumor. Conclusion: Our preliminary experience with intraoperative MRI in patients with enhancing intraaxial tumors is encouraging. Combined use of neuronavigation and intraoperative MRI was able to increase the proportion of patients in whom complete removal of the enhancing parts of the tumor was achieved. Surgically induced enhancement requires careful analysis of the intraoperative MRI in order not to confuse it with residual tumor.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Child's nervous system 11 (1995), S. 193-202 
    ISSN: 1433-0350
    Keywords: CSF shunts ; Bench tests ; Overdrainage ; Programmable valves ; Hydrostatic valves ; Anti-siphon devices ; Variable-resistance valves
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract When vertical body position is simulated, conventional differential pressure valves show an absolutely unphysiological flow, which is 2–170 times the normal liquor production rate. Although this is compensated in part by the resistance of the silicon tubes, which may produce up to 94% of the resistance of the complete shunt system, a negative intracranial pressure (ICP) of up to 30–44 cmH2O is an unavoidable consequence, which can be followed by subdural hematomas, slit ventricles, and other well-known complications. Modern shunt technology offers programmable, hydrostatic, and “flow-controlled” valves and anti-siphon devices; we have tested 13 different designs from 7 manufacturers (56 specimens), using the “Heidelberg Valve Test Inventory” with 16 subtests. “Programmable” valves reduce, but cannot exclude, unphysiological flow rates: even in the highest position and in combination with a standard catheter typical programmable Medos-Hakim valves allow a flow of 93–232 ml/h, Sophy SU-8-valves 86–168 ml/h with 30 cmH2O. The effect of hydrostatic valves (Hakim-Lumbar, Chhabra) can be inactivated by movements of daily life. The weight of the metal balls in most valves was too low for adequate flow reduction. Antisiphon devices are highly dependent on external, i.e. subcutaneous, pressure which has unpredictable influences on shunt function, and clinically is sometimes followed by shunt insufficiency. Two new Orbis-Sigma valves showed relatively physiological flow rates even when the vertical position (30 cmH2O) was simulated. One showed an insufficient flow (5.7 ml/h), and one was primarily obstructed. These have by far the smallest outlet of all valves. Additionally, the ruby pin tends to stick. Therefore, a high susceptibility to obliterations and blockade is unavoidable. Encouraging results obtained in pediatric patients contrast with disappointing experiences in some German and Swedish hospitals, which suggests that our laboratory findings are confirmed by clinical results. The concept of strict flow limitation seems to be inadaequate for adult patients, who need a relatively high flow during (nocturnal) ICP crises. The problem of shunt overdrainage remains unsolved.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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