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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Prevention of oxide formation during liquid phase epitaxy of silicon (1995)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 66 (1995), S. 1243-1245 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Successful growth of silicon in a liquid phase epitaxial (LPE) system requires preventing the formation of a native oxide more than a few monolayers thick. It has been found that the desorption of oxygen and water vapor from the ends of the furnace tube can lead to oxidation of silicon wafers located in the tube center, thus inhibiting epitaxy. A simple method to avoid this problem and eliminate the need for long flush times is described. Evidence is presented that indium, a common solvent in LPE of silicon, plays a catalytic role in the oxidation of silicon. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.113250
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Tissue repair and angiotensin II generated at sites of healing (1997)
    Springer
    Basic research in cardiology 92 (1997), S. 75-78 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1803
    Keywords: Angiotensin converting enzyme ; angiotensin II ; angiotensin II receptors ; fibrosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00805565
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of Menstrual History and Use of Medications on Bone Mineral Density: The EVOS Study (1998)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 63 (1998), S. 271-276 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Key words: Bone mineral density — Epidemiology — Osteoporosis — Menopause — Medication use.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract: We have previously shown considerable between-center variation in bone mineral density (BMD) in the 13 EVOS centers that performed bone densitometry on their sex- and age-stratified population samples, after adjusting for weight and age. We have now investigated whether part of the between-center variability may be attributed to between-center variations in the use of medications. Information was collected from 2088 women and 1908 men at baseline on whether the subjects had ever been prescribed calcium, calcitonin, anabolic steroids, fluoride, vitamin D, or glucocorticoids and, for the women, whether they had ever used the oral contraceptive pill (OCP) or hormone replacement therapy (HRT). Each of these variables was fitted into a regression model adjusted for age, height, weight, and center. Only OCP and HRT significantly affected BMD. Those who had ever used OCPs had spinal BMD 0.029 g/cm2 greater than those who had never used them. Users of HRT had higher BMD than nonusers: 0.037 g/cm2 at the spine, 0.018 g/cm2 at the trochanter, and 0.018 g/cm2 at the femoral neck. As expected, there was a great variation between centers in the use of OCP and HRT, but there were no significant correlations between mean BMD at any site in a given center and the prevalence of OCP or HRT use in that center. The between-center variance in BMD at all three sites remained highly significant after adjusting for treatment (P 〈 0.001). We conclude that HRT and OCP use are associated with moderate increases in BMD. The geographical variability of BMD in Europe was not explained by treatment with pharmaceuticals.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002239900525
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Preparation of Structured Ceramics for Membranes (1997)
    s.l. ; Stafa-Zurich, Switzerland
    Key engineering materials Vol. 132-136 (Apr. 1997), p. 1754-1757 
    Details
    ISSN: 1013-9826
    Source: Scientific.Net: Materials Science & Technology / Trans Tech Publications Archiv 1984-2008
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://www.tib-hannover.de/fulltexts/2011/0528/01/44/transtech_doi~10.4028%252Fwww.scientific.net%252FKEM.132-136.1754.pdf
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Kostenanalyse der Schilddrüsenchirurgie in einer chirurgischen Universitätsklinik (1997)
    Springer
    Der Chirurg 68 (1997), S. 989-993 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-0385
    Keywords: Key words: Cost analysis ; Thyroidectomy ; Hospital financing ; Germany. ; Schlüsselwörter: Kostenanalyse ; Schilddrüsenchirurgie ; Sonderentgelte 02.01 ; 02.02 ; 02.03.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung. Mit der Einführung der Bundespflegesatzverordnung (BPflV) zum 1. Januar 1996 an der Medizinischen Fakultät Halle wurden die tagesgleichen Pflegesätze durch ein neues Entgeltsystem ersetzt. Dies bedeutet eine Abwendung von der bisher üblichen hausindividuellen selbstkostenorientierten Finanzierung zu einem leistungsbezogenen Preissystem. Seit dem 1. Januar 1996 werden an der Klinik für Allgemeinchirurgie bei allen Entitäten der benignen und malignen Schilddrüsenchirurgie (Operationsschlüssel nach § 301 SGB V ICPM 5061–5064) mit einem detaillierten Erfassungsbogen Kostenanalysen für die verschiedenen operativen Eingriffe im operativen Bereich durchgeführt. Die Personalkosten für den ärztlichen Dienst und den Funktionsdienst im Operationsaal sowie der Sachmittelverbrauch wurden für jede einzelne Operation ermittelt. Als Grundlage dieser Kostenanalyse dienten 14 Bögen für die Hemithyreoidektomie (operative Durchschnittskosten 1.886,82 DM), jeweils 20 Bögen für die subtotale Thyreoidektomie (operative Durchschnittskosten 1.970,48 DM), die Hemithyreoidektomie kombiniert mit der kontralateralen subtotalen Thyreoidektomie (operative Durchschnittskosten 2.164,26 DM), die totale Thyreoidektomie (Durchschnittskosten 2.396,70 DM) und 12 Bögen für die totale Thyreoidektomie mit cervicaler und transthorakaler Lymphadenektomie (operative Durchschnittskosten 4.664,48 DM).
    Notes: Summary. On 1 January 1996, the implementation of the new recompense system, the Bundespflegesatzverordnung (BPflV), at the Medical University Halle replaced the former German hospital financing system based on clinic-dependent individual prices. This was the beginning of a new price-performance system of the German hospital market. Since then, for all surgical procedures (catalogue § 301 SGB V ICPM 5061–5064) for benign and malignent thyroid diseases a detailed cost analysis has been performed. Our personnel and material inputs were documented on-line in the operating theatre on a special designed cost-analysis record. The cost analysis was based on 14 cases of lobectomy (average operative costs DM 1886.82), and 20 each of bilateral subtotal thyroidectomy (average DM 1970.48), unilateral subtotal thyroidectomy with contralateral lobectomy (average DM 2164.26) and total thyroidectomy (average DM 2396.70) respectively. In 12 cases the costs of total thyroidectomy with cervical and transthoracal lymphadenectomy have been analyzed (average DM 4664.48).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001040050307
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mortality Associated with Vertebral Deformity in Men and Women: Results from the European Prospective Osteoporosis Study (EPOS) (1998)
    Springer
    Osteoporosis international 8 (1998), S. 291-297 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-2965
    Keywords: Key words:Epidemiology – Mortality – Osteoporosis – Vertebral deformity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract: Clinically apparent vertebral deformities are associated with reduced survival. The majority of subjects with radiographic vertebral deformity do not, however, come to medical attention. The aim of this study was to determine the association between radiographic vertebral deformity and subsequent mortality. The subjects who took part in the analysis were recruited for participation in a multicentre population-based survey of vertebral osteoporosis in Europe. Men and women aged 50 years and over were invited to attend for an interviewer-administered questionnaire and lateral spinal radiographs. Radiographs were evaluated morphometrically and vertebral deformity defined according to established criteria. The participants have been followed by annual postal questionnaire – the European Prospective Osteoporosis Study (EPOS). Information concerning the vital status of participants was available from 6480 subjects, aged 50–79 years, from 14 of the participating centres. One hundred and eighty-nine deaths (56 women and 133 men) occurred during a total of 14 380 person-years of follow-up (median 2.3 years). In women, after age adjustment, there was a modest excess mortality in those with, compared with those without, vertebral deformity: rate ratio (RR) = 1.9 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.0,3.4). In men, the excess risk was smaller and non-significant RR = 1.3 (95% CI 0.9,2.0). After further adjusting for smoking, alcohol consumption, previous hip fracture, general health, body mass index and steroid use, the excess risk was reduced and non-significant in both sexes: women, RR = 1.6 (95% CI 0.9,3.0); men RR = 1.2 (95% CI 0.7,1.8). Radiographic vertebral deformity is associated with a modest excess mortality, particularly in women. Part of this excess can be explained by an association with other adverse health and lifestyle factors linked to mortality.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001980050067
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Population-based geographic variations in dxa bone density in Europe: The evos study (1997)
    Springer
    Osteoporosis international 7 (1997), S. 175-189 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-2965
    Keywords: Aging ; Bone densitometry ; Epidemiology ; European Spine Phantom ; Geographic variation ; Osteoporosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The purpose of this study was to investigate variations in bone density between 16 European populations, 13 of which were participants in the European Vertebral Osteoporosis Study (EVOS). Men and women aged 50–80 years were recruited randomly from local population registers, stratified in 5-year age bands. The other three centres recruited similarly. Random samples of 20–100% of EVOS subjects were invited for dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) densitometry of the lumbar spine and/or proximal femur using Hologic, Lunar or Norland pencil beam machines or, in one centre, a Sopha fan-beam machine. Cross-calibration of the different machines was undertaken using the European Spine Phantom prototype (ESPp). Highly significant differences in mean bone density were demonstrated between centres, giving rise to between-centre SDs in bone density that were about a quarter of a population SD. These differences persisted when centres using Hologic machines and centres using Lunar machines were considered separately. The centres were ranked differently according to whether male or female subjects were being considered and according to site of measurement (L2–4, femoral neck or femoral trochanter). As expected, bone mineral density (BMD) had a curvilinear relationship with age, and apparent rates of decrease slowed as age advanced past 50 years in both sexes. In the spine, not only did male BMD usually appear to increase with age, but there was a highly significant difference between centres in the age effect in both sexes, suggesting a variability in the impact of osteoarthritis between centres. Weight was consistently positively associated with BMD, but the effects of height and armspan were less consistent. Logarithmic transformation was needed to normalize the regressions of BMD on the independent variates, and after transformation, all sites except the femoral neck in females showed significant increases in SD with age. Interestingly, the effect of increasing weight was to decrease dispersion in proximal femur measurements in both sexes, further accentuating the tendency in women for low body mass index to be associated with osteoporosis as defined by densitometry. It is concluded that there are major differences between BMD values in European population samples which, with variations in anthro-pometric variables, have the potential to contribute substantially to variations in rates of osteoporotic fracture risk in Europe.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01622286
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Litholog and structure of the Grenville-aged (≈1.1 Ga) basement of heimefrontfjella (East Antarctica) (1996)
    Springer
    International journal of earth sciences 85 (1996), S. 800-821 
    Details
    ISSN: 1437-3262
    Keywords: East Antarctica ; Greenville ; Pan-African ; Rodinia ; Heimefrontfjella
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The Heimefrontfjella mountains, Western Dronning Maud Land (East Antarctica), are dominantly composed of Grenville-aged (≈ 1.1 Ga) rocks, which were reworked during the Pan -African orogeny at ≈500 Ma. Three discontinuity-bounded Grenville-aged terranes have been recognized namely (from north to south) the Kottas, Sivorg and Vardeklettane terranes. The terranes contain their own characteristic lithological assemblages, although each is made up of an early supracrustal sequence of metavolcanic and/or metasedimentary gneisses, intruded by various (predominantly granitoid) suites. No older basement upon which the protoliths of these older gneisses were deposited has been recognized. In each terrane the older layered gneisses were intruded by various plutonic suites ranging in age from ≈ 1150 to ≈1000 Ma. The Vardeklettane terrane is characterized by abundant charnockites and two-pyroxene granulite facies parageneses in metabasites, whereas the Sivorg and Kottas terranes were metamorphosed to amphibolite facies grade. P-T estimates show that peak metamorphic conditions changed from ≈600°C at 8 kbar in the south, to ≈700 °C at 4 kbar in the northern Sivorg terrane. Regional greenschist retrogression of high-grade assemblages may be of Pan-African age. The Heimefrontfjella terranes were juxtaposed and pervasively deformed during a complex and protracted period of E-W collision orogenesis in a transpressive regime at ≈ 1.1 Ga. This is manifest as early, gently dipping thrust-related shear fabrics (D1), succeeded by the initiation of an important (D2) steep dextral shear zone (Heimefront shear zone, HSZ), during which the early fabrics and structures were steepened and rotated in an anticlockwise sense. The HSZ is a curvilinear structure which changes from a dextral oblique strike-slip lateral ramp in the north to a steep dip-slip frontal ramp in the south, where it forms the boundary between the Sivorg and Vardeklettane terranes. The Pan-African event is manifested as discrete, low- to medium-temperature ductile to brittle shears (D3) and numerous K/Ar cooling ages.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02440112
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cadomian terranes, wrench faulting and thrusting in the central Europe Variscides: geophysical and geological evidence (1995)
    Springer
    International journal of earth sciences 84 (1995), S. 412-432 
    Details
    ISSN: 1437-3262
    Keywords: Cadomian terranes ; Wrench faults ; European Variscides ; DEKORP ; gravity-magnetism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Sixty five per cent of the Paleozoic basement of western and central Europe is hidden by a sedimentary cover and/or sea. This work aims to remove that blanket to detect new structures which could used to build a more comprehensive model of the Variscan orogeny. It is based on the interpretation of various forms of data: (a) published gravity maps corrected for the effects of the crust-mantle boundary topography and light sedimentary basins; (b) aeromagnetic maps; (c) measurements of densities; and (d) induced and remanent magnetizations on rocks from Paleozoic outcrops of the upper Rhenish area. From the northern Bohemian Massif to the eastern Paris Basin, the Saxothuringian is characterized by a 500 km long belt of gravity highs, the most important being the Kraichgau high. Most of the corresponding heavy bodies are buried under a post-early Viséan cover. They are interpreted as relics of Late Proterozoic terranes overlain by an Early to Middle Paleozoic sequence, equivalent to the Bohemian terrane in the Bohemian Massif. The most probable continuation of these dense Bohemian terranes toward the west is the Southern Channel-Northern Brittany Cadomian terrane. The gravity lows are correlated with Variscan granites and pre- and early Variscan metagranites. Gravity and magnetic maps demonstrate large-scale displacement in Devonian-Early Carboniferous times along the parallel and equidistant, NW-SE striking, Vistula, Elbe, Bavarian, Bray and South Armorican dextral wrench faults. In the Vosges-Schwarzwald and Central Massif the faults continue with the east-west striking Lalaye-Lubine-Baden-Baden and Marche faults and with south vergent thrusts. The Bavarian faults shift the Kraichgau terrane by 150 km relative to the Bohemian terrane, whereas the offset of the Northern Brittany Cadomian relative to the Northern Vosges-Kraichgau terranes is estimated at 400 km along the Bray fault. Sinistral wrench faults are the NE-SW striking Sillon Houiller, Rheingraben, Rodl, Vitis and Diendorf faults. The southern Vosges-Schwarzwald Devonian-Dinantian basin is interpreted as a pull-apart basin at the south-easterly extremity of the Bray fault. The Bohemian and Kraichgau body form allochthonous terranes which were thrust over the Saxothuringian crust. Thrusting to the north-west was accompanied by back-thrusting and led to the formation of pop-up structures. Contemporaneous dextral and sinistral wrench faulting resulted in transpressive strain during collision. The zonal structure of the Variscides in the sense of Kossmat (1927) is relevant only to the Rhenohercynian Foreland Belt. Kossmat (1927) already spoke of a Moldanubian Region because it displays no real zonal structure. The Saxothuringian Zone was formed by terrane accretion. Their apparent zonal structure is not a pre-collisional feature, but only the result of accretion and collision.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00260450
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Motor learning in the “podokinetic” system and its role in spatial orientation during locomotion (1998)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 120 (1998), S. 377-385 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Key words Spatial orientation ; Podokinetic system ; Vestibular system ; Self-motion perception ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The present study characterizes a previously reported adaptive phenomenon in a somatosensory-motor system involved in directional control of locomotor trajectory through foot contact with the floor. We call this the “podokinetic” (PK) system. Podokinetic adaptation was induced in six subjects by stepping in-place over the axis of a horizontally rotating disc over a range of disc angular velocities (11.25–90°/s) and durations (7.5–60 min). After adaptation, subjects were blindfolded and attempted to step in-place on the floor without turning. Instead they all rotated relative to space. The rate of the “podokinetic afterrotation” (PKAR) was linearly related to stimulus amplitude up to 45°/s, and the ratio of initial PKAR velocity to that of the adaptive stimulus was approximately 1:3. PKAR exhibited exponential decay, which was composed of “short-” and “long-term” components with “discharging” time constants on the order of 6–12 min and 1–2 h, respectively. The effect of stimulus duration on PKAR revealed a “charging” time constant that approximated that of the short-term component. A significant suppression of PKAR occurred during the 1st min of the postadaptive response, suggesting functional interaction between the PK and vestibular systems during the period of vestibular stimulation. During PKAR subjects perceived no self-rotation, indicating that perception as well as locomotor control of spatial orientation were remodeled by adaptation of the PK system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002210050411
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