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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 68 (1990), S. 5155-5161 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The change in the chemical surface state of polished Si wafers [p-type, (100) oriented] during storage in air at room temperature was investigated for storage times up to half a year. Measurements were performed by x-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and High Resolution Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy (HREELS). Immediately after the HF treatment (1 min 5% HF, 2 min water rinse) vibrational spectroscopy (HREELS) shows a predominant coverage of the surface with hydride groups (80%–90% of a ML), which can be inferred from the presence of the stretching (2100 cm−1), scissor (900 cm−1) and bending (640 cm−1) vibrations in the spectra. A slight additional coverage with oxygen is proved by XPS and originates from Si-OH groups (3670 cm−1) and oxygen-related hydrocarbon groups (XPS). These Si-OH groups result from an exchange reaction of Si-F with water during the two-minute water rinse. The development of an oxygen coverage during subsequent storage in air occurs extremely slowly and shows a logarithmic behavior. A monolayer coverage of oxygen (7×1014/cm2) is reached after approximately 7 days of storage in air. HREELS spectra exhibit the concurrent development of the asymmetric Si-O-Si vibration, which indicates that oxygen penetrates the lattice and breaks Si—Si bonds. During this period the Si-O-Si frequency shifts from about 1060 to 1100 cm−1.The penetration of backbonds of Si—H gets evident by broadening of the Si-H stretching vibration and finally by a shift to higher wavenumbers. Chemically shifted components of the Si 2p line (partially oxidized Si) are present with the SiO2−x component (chemical shift (approximately-greater-than)3.4 eV) becoming dominant after roughly a week. Further oxidation proceeds essentially by an increase of the SiO2 peak in combination with a steeper slope of the logarithmic growth curve. The SiO2 thickness after half a year is about 8 A(ring). The frequency of the Si-O-Si vibration shifts up to 1120 cm−1, which can be related to a growing angle of the Si-O-Si bridge. Si—H groups are still present, the final peak position is about 2220 cm−1. The measurements show an extended induction period until the monolayer range of oxide coverage is attained. We ascribe this to the passivation of the surface by hydrogen and to a HF treatment according to Very-Large-Scale-Integration standards.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 65 (1994), S. 1918-1922 
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A new beetle-like scanning tunneling microscope is presented that operates under ultrahigh vacuum conditions and at temperatures down to 7 K. Magnetic fields up to 8 Tesla can be applied using a movable superconducting magnet. The entire setup is described in detail and test measurements are presented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 76 (1994), S. 163-171 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The structural transformations occurring during high-energy mechanical milling and subsequent annealing of YBa2Cu3O7−δ samples have been studied. A high initial oxygen content favors the formation of a metastable (Y0.33Ba0.66)CuO3−x disordered cubic phase. The cubic phase decomposes into a nanocrystalline mixture of Y2BaCuO5 and an yttrium deficient amorphous phase upon further milling. The crystallization enthalpy of the amorphous phase was estimated to be approximately 72.2 kJ/mol with a corresponding activation energy of 800±80 kJ/mol. Upon heating the nanocrystalline cubic phase transforms to the high-oxygen tetra X (O6.77) nonsuperconducting phase. Under oxygen, this last phase is stable up to 930 °C where it transforms to the tetra II low-oxygen (O〈6.4) structure which reverts to the ortho I superconducting phase after adequate cooling. A structural model is proposed in which the formation of coherent domain boundaries and the unusually short c axis associated with the tetra X phase are related to the reordering of the Y-Ba sublattice of the metastable cubic phase. The relative stability of the cubic and tetra X phases as a function of the initial oxygen content before milling indicates that the oxygen concentration may be higher at the domain boundaries.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 58 (1991), S. 2764-2766 
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We report on the effect of strong mechanical deformations on various mixtures of Ni and Mo metallic powders. The high-energy mechanical alloying process produces metastable fcc nanocrystals of Ni with a large amount of Mo in solid solution. The solubility limit of Mo in fcc Ni at room temperature is directly related to the total interface area between the crystallites. These new solids show an extremely high electrocatalytic activity for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in alkaline solutions which can be directly related to their nanostructure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 67 (1990), S. 2333-2342 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The amorphous alloy Fe60Co20Si10B10 has been shown to display a high electrocatalytic activity for the hydrogen evolution in 30 wt. % KOH at 70 °C. We present, in this paper, a structural study of the crystallization process and an attempt to correlate the observed changes to the electrocatalytic behavior. The results for crystalline samples of the same average composition obtained from the melt at a lower cooling rate are also presented. Our results show that the amorphous structure is the best suited for the production of hydrogen and that the changes observed can be related in some part to the different processes of surface oxidation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1435-1803
    Keywords: myocardialhypoperfusion ; dobutamine ; asynchrony ; myocardialcontraction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The primary purpose of this study was to evaluate parameters used for the measurement of regional myocardial contractile function in the setting of left ventricular (LV) asynchrony. Secondarily, we tested whether the peak negative value of left ventricular dP/dt (-dP/dt) can be used to estimate global LV end-systole during asynchrony. In seven anesthetized (Isoflurane) swine the left anterior descending coronary artery was cannulated and perfused at constant blood flow rates. To produce LV asynchrony, dobutamine (D) was infused into the perfusion system. This was repcated later during coronary hypoperfusion (HYPO) sufficient to produce regional contractile dysfunction. The amount of LV wall thickening during systole (% WT, sonomicrometry) was calculated using either - dP/dt or the closure of the aortic valve (AO, electromagnctic flow probc) for estimating the timing of global LV end-systole. % WT was compared to other paramcters which are not dependent upon the timing of global LV end-systole, including the amplitude of the first harmonic of the Fourier transform (AMP) and regional myocardial work (WI) estimated from the left ventricular pressure-wall thickness relationship. A close correlation between global LV end-systole defined by the AO or - dP/dt existed during control. D or HYPO. During HYPO+D no such relationship was found (r=.22, NS), and % WT calculated using - dP/dt as an estimate of end-systole was underestimated when comparcd to % WT calculated by use of the AO to estimate end-systole (2.9±6.8% vs 6.3±6.6%, p〈.05). % WT, AMP, and WI showed similar results during control, D and HYPO. However, D during HYPO increased the AMP from .59±.23 mm to .76±.32 mm and WI from 67±20 mm Hg*mm to 95±24 mm Hg*mm (p〈.05), respectively. This increase in regional myocardial function, however, was not detected by % WT (10.5±6.4% vs 6.3±6.6%). Thus, during left ventricular asynchrony, the measurement of LV-dP/dt to estimate the timing of global LV end-systole is inappropriate and can lcad to inaccuracies in the measurement of regional contractile function. Parameters such as AMP or WI are advantageous since global LV end-systole docs not need to be accurately defined.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1433-0350
    Keywords: Neonatal intracranial aneurysm ; Cerebral aneurysm in childhood ; Familial intracranial aneurysm ; Collagen type III ; Cerebral hemorrhage
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A 32-day-old boy died of recurring cerebral hemorrhages starting on the 4th day of life. Autopsy disclosed a remittingly ruptured saccular aneurysm of the anterior communicating artery. A 7-day-old brother of his had previously died of recurring subarachnoid hemorrhages as well. The young age of the patient, the site of the aneurysm, and its probably familial occurrence make this case a unique one. Nonaneurysmatic basal cerebral arteries showed remarkable histological changes partly resembling those seen in fibromuscular dysplasia, some of them probably representing preaneurysmatic alterations. A known underlying systemic disease could not be found, and immunohistochemical detection of type III collagen revealed no identifiable deficiency.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experiments in fluids 15 (1993), S. 240-246 
    ISSN: 1432-1114
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Statistical properties of velocity gradient components in turbulent channel flows were measured using a new light scattering technique. It is demonstrated that root mean square fluctuations, skewnesses, and flatnesses as well as autocorrelation functions and distribution functions of definite velocity gradient components can be obtained.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Photosynthesis research 42 (1994), S. 185-190 
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: electron transfer ; iron-sulfur centers ; flash absorption spectrophotometry ; site-directed mutagenesis ; subunit interactions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The interaction of PsaC with the core heterodimer of Photosystem 1 was studied in wild type Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 and the site-directed mutant R561E of PsaB. The mutant reaction center was much less stable in urea and the functional reconstitution of the mutant core using PsaC was impaired. However, the extent of reconstitution increased in the presence of divalent cations whereas that of the wild type was inhibited. We conclude that the reaction center in the mutant is unstable, most likely due to the introduction of an unfavorable electrostatic interaction between surface-exposed residues on PsaC and the binding site for the subunit on the core heterodimer in support of the model proposed previously (Rodday et al. (1993) Photosynth Res 36: 1–9).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1573-5168
    Keywords: catfish ; pituitary ; ontogeny ; gonadotrops ; ultrastructure ; stereological analysis ; immunocytochemistry ; GTH subunits ; plasma androgen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé A l'aide d'une étude d'immunocytochimie ultrastructurale, nous avons suivi chez le poisson chat africain mâle âgé de 2 à 6 mois le développement des cellules gonadotropes hypophysaires en relation avec celui des testicules. Pendant cette période, 5 prélèvements hypophysaires et testiculaires ont été effectués (groupe I–V) alors que les prélèvements sanguins n'ont pu être pratiqués que dans les groupes III–V. Le développement testiculaire a été divisé en 3 stades c'est à dire immature (spermatogonies seulement, groupe I), début de spermatogenèse (spermatogonies et spermatocytes, groupe II et III), spermatogenèse avancée (tous les stades de cellules germinales incluant les spermatozïdes, groupe IV et V). Les niveaux sanguins en 11-ketotestostèrone étaient bas excepté dans le dernier groupe. Des anticorps ont été fabriqués contre l'α,βGtH-II et les sousunités α et β de GtH-II de poisson chat. Dans la partie proximale distale de l'hypophyse du poisson immature, des cellules indifférenciées, des cellules somatotropes, des cellules putatives thyrotropes (pTSH) et gonadotropes (pGtH) ont été trouvées. Dans les deux derniers types cellulaires, des granules de sécrétion ont été marqués avec l'anti-αGtH mais pas avec l'antiβ-GtHII. Les cellules présumées à TSH et GtH ont été distinguées par la taille des granules de sécrétion. Pendant le début de la spermatogenèse, 2 classes de cellules gonadotropes putatives ont pu être distinguées. Un type a les mêmes caractéristiques immunocytochimiques et ultrastructurales que chez les immatures; les granules de sécrétion dans le second type cellulaire, qui était plus abondant, répondaient aussi immunopositivement à l'anti-βGtHII. Le volume moyen des granules de sécrétion de ces cellules à GtHII était 3 fois supérieur à celui des cellules putatives à GtH apparaissant tôt. De plus, les cellules à GtHII apparaissant tardivement contiennent de grandes inclusions, connues sous le nom de globules. Ces structures étaient marquées avec l'anti-αβGtHII et avec l'anti-βGtHII, mais pas avec l'anti-αGtH. Il a été supposé que les globules sont impliqués dans un stockage différentiel et/ou destruction des sous-unités de GthII. Pendant les stades plus avancés de la spermatogenèse les 2 typev gonadotropes pouvaient encore être distingués, mais les cellules putatives à GtH apparaissant tôt étaient rares. Les présentes observations permettent de supposer que les cellules à GtH apparaissant tôt peuvent être des cellules à GtHI. Cependant, la preuve définitive de leur identité dépend de la disponibilité d'anti-GtHI ou de cDNAs spécifiques de la GtHI.
    Notes: Abstract In an ultrastructural immunocytochemical study we investigated the development of the gonadotropic cells in the pituitary of two to six months old male African catfish in relation to testicular development. In this period, pituitary and testicular tissue samples were collected on five occasions (groups I–V). Blood samples could only be taken from the fish in groups III–V. The testicular development was divided in three stages i.e., immature (only spermatogonia, group I), early (spermatogonia and spermatocytes, groups II and III) and advanced (all germ cell stages including spermatozoa, groups IV and V) spermatogenesis. 11-Ketotestosterone blood levels were low, except for the last group. Antisera were raised against the complete catfish α,βGTH-II, as well as to the separate α- and β-subunits of catfish GTH-II. In the proximal pars distalis of immature fish, undifferentiated cells, somatotrops, putative thyrotrops (pTSH) and putative gonadotrops (pGTH) were found. In the two latter, secretory granules were labeled with anti-αGTH, but not with anti-βGTH-II. pTSH- and pGTH-cells were distinguished on the basis of the size of their secretory granules. During early spermatogenesis, two classes of putative gonadotrops could be distinguished. One type had the same immunocytochemical and ultrastructural characteristics as in immature fish; the secretory granules in the second cell type, which was more abundant, were also immunopositive for anti-βGTH-II. The mean volume of the secretory granules in these GTH-II cells was three times larger than that in the early appearing pGTH-cells. In addition, the later appearing GTH-II cells contained large inclusions, known as globules. These structures labeled with anti-αβGTH-II and with anti-βGTH-II, but not with anti-αGTH. It is assumed that the globules are involved in a differential storage and/or breakdown of the GTH-II subunits. During advanced spermatogenesis the two gonadotropic cell types could still be distinguished, but the early appearing pGTH-cell type was scarce. The present observations permit the conclusion that the early appearing cells may be GTH-I cells. However, definitive proof about their identity depends on the availability of antibodies or cDNA probes specific for GTH-I.
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