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  • 1
    ISSN: 0942-0940
    Keywords: Carotid-cavernous fistula ; interventional radiology ; trauma ; aneurysm
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Carotid-cavernous sinus fistula (CCF) is a syndrome in which arteriovenous shunts exist between the carotid artery and the cavernous sinus. These shunts vary widely in pathogenesis, angiogram, haemodynamics and treatment. Several systems of classification in terms of either haemodynamics, aetiology and/or pathogenesis have been reported, but they are not comprehensive. A more comprehensive and simpler nomenclature of classification is now required. Fifty seven cases of CCFs were analyzed and were classified according to their pathogenesis, angiography and treatment modalities. There were 11 traumatic CCFs with direct shunts (T-D group), and 2 traumatic CCFs with indirect shunts (T-I group). Spontaneous CCFs were divided into three groups. There were 37 spontaneous CCFs caused by dural arteriovenous shunts that were naturally classified as being indirect shunts (SD-I group). There were 5 spontaneous CCFs caused by suspected connective tissue disorders, such as fibromuscular dysplasia, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome etc.; these had direct shunts. Care was needed to avoid dissection of the artery or complications due to the fragility of connective tissue (SC-D group). There were 2 spontaneous CCFs caused by the rupture of an inflaclinoid aneurysm without any background of connective tissue disorder; these had direct shunts (SA-D group). By this system of grouping and use of abbreviations, each case of CCF can be clearly delineated in terms of its pathogenesis and selection for appropriate treatment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 30 (1992), S. 2247-2250 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: polymer catalyst ; formose reaction ; thiazolium salt ; hydrocarbons ; dihydroxy acetone ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Thiazolium salt polymers synthesized by quaternization of 4-(4′-vinylphenyl)thiazole (VPT) polymers with methyl iodide had a highly catalytic activity for “the formose reaction.” Their catalytic activities were comparable to that of a low molecular weight analog, 3-methyl-4-phenylthiazolium iodide (MPTI). In the reaction catalyzed by the polymer catalyst, a main product, dihydroxyacetone (DHA), was detected by gas-liquid chromatography. The polymer catalysts were easily recovered from the reaction mixture and reused with a sustained catalytic activity. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 32 (1994), S. 1711-1717 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: durable catalyst ; thiazolium salt ; aqueous system ; acyloin condensation ; enzyme model ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: We characterized three low-molecular-weight thiazolium salt analogues: N-methyl-5-(2′-benzyloxyethyl)-4-methylthiazolium iodide (MBMTI), N-methyl-4-phenylthiazolium iodide (MPTI), and N-methylbenzothiazolium iodide (MBTI). MBMTI, having high-electron density on the thiezolium ring, was found to be a durable thiazolium salt in buffer solution. Then, the polymer-supported thiazolium salt catalyst having MBMTI structure as a catalytic site for acyloin condensation was prepared by the polymerization of the corresponding thiazole monomer and the following quaternization. The polymer catalyst had excellent catalytic activity even in buffer solution, while the corresponding low molecular weight catalyst did not show any activity in aqueous system. Furthermore, the durable polymer catalyst could be reused under the aqueous condition. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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