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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of fasting on haematology and clinical chemistry values in the rat and dog (1994)
    Springer
    Comparative clinical pathology 4 (1994), S. 152-156 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-2981
    Keywords: Clinical chemistry ; Dog ; Fasting ; Haematology ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Many regulatory toxicity guidelines and the recommendation of AACC-DACC/ASVCP joint task force of the USA on clinical pathology testing require overnight fasting for rats and non-rodents before blood sampling. However, the reason why animals must be fasted before blood sampling is unclear in toxicology studies. Fasting, one of many preanalytical conditions, can lead to false low or high values, which in turn may lead to misinterpretation of test compound effects in toxicological studies. This paper reviews the literature with respect to fasting, and reports on our own studies, in the hope of increasing the awareness among investigators of these problems. Haematocrit values and plasma chemistry values in blood obtained from rats and dogs following fasting were compared with unfasted animals. In male F344 rats, after 16 h fasting, body weight decreased. Increases in aspartate aminotransferase (AST)/glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) and decreases of plasma alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total cholesterol (CHO), triglycerides (TG), phospholipids (PL), urea nitrogen (UN) and calcium were observed. Haematocrit, plasma alanine aminotransferase (ALT)/glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT), total proteins (TP), glucose, and inorganic phosphorus (IP) were unchanged. In male beagle dogs after 16 h fasting, TG, PL, UN, calcium and IP were decreased. Haematocrit, ALP, TP, albumin, glucose, CHO, creatinine, AST/GOT, ALT/GPT, LDH and CPK were not changed. Our own studies show that in order to avoid excessive stress to test animals, the fasting period should be decided case by case, and not made uniform in toxicology studies. It would be useful if regulatory guidelines made some mention of both the effect of feeding, and of stress caused by fasting.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00798356
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparative haematological and plasma chemistry values in purpose-bred squirrel, cynomolgus and rhesus monkeys (1994)
    Springer
    Comparative clinical pathology 4 (1994), S. 43-48 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-2981
    Keywords: Clinical chemistry ; Cynomolgus monkey ; Haematology ; Rhesus monkey ; Squirrel monkey
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Haematological and blood chemistry data have been compared for three species of purpose-bred primates, Macaca mulatta (rhesus monkey), Macaca fascicularis (cynomolgus monkey), Saimiri sciureus (squirrel monkey). These species were housed over a 9-month period in identical conditions (diet, tap water, room temperature and relative humidity, and lighting regime) in our primate facility. Blood and urine assays were conducted using the same pre-analytical conditions (blood sampling procedure, anticoagulant and storage of sample), and analytical methods (reagent and equipment). The results indicated that squirrel, rhesus and cynomolgus monkeys have essentially biologically similar values for all of the parameters examined. However, haemoglobin level, reticulocyte, plasma total cholesterol, triglyceride, albumin and urea nitrogen values, and urinary osmolality in cynomolgus monkeys were statistically lower than those of rhesus monkeys. Erythrocyte count, plasma ALT, calcium and potassium in cynomolgus monkeys were statistically higher than those of rhesus monkeys. Erythrocyte count, haemoglobin level, haematocrit, reticulocyte, plasma total bilirubin and chloride and urinary osmolality in cynomolgus monkeys were statistically lower than those of squirrel monkeys. Leucocyte count, plasma total protein, albumin and calcium in cynomolgus monkeys were statistically higher than those of squirrel monkeys. Squirrel monkeys showed marked deviations in four assays from the other two species: ratio of lymphocytes to neutrophils, AST, ALT and urine volume. The results obtained in this study will be used as baseline data for haematology and clinical chemistry characteristics for three species of purpose-bred monkeys.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00368266
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of preanalytical conditions on lactate dehydrogenase and creatine kinase activities in the rat (1993)
    Springer
    Comparative clinical pathology 3 (1993), S. 214-219 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-2981
    Keywords: Creatine kinase ; Lactate dehydrogenase ; Plasma ; Platelet ; Preanalytical conditions ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Marked interlaboratory variation exists in the analysis of various clinical chemistry parameters, particularly in lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatine kinase (CK) activity in the rat. Much of this variation is due to the handling of the animal prior to sampling, the method and site of sampling, and the handling of the sample prior to analysis. Such preanalytical conditions can lead to spurious high values, which in turn may lead to misinterpretation of test article effects in toxicological studies. This paper reviews the literature with respect to preanalytical conditions and their effect on LDH and CK, and reports on our own investigations, in the hope of increasing the awareness among investigators of these problems, leading to the elimination of inappropriate sampling and handling techniques. Our own investigations show that in order to limit variation, the use of serum (as opposed to plasma), bleeding from the retro-orbital sinus and storage by freezing should all be avoided.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02341968
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A comparison of the effect of bleeding site on haematological and plasma chemistry values of F344 rats: The inferior vena cava, abdominal aorta and orbital venous plexus (1994)
    Springer
    Comparative clinical pathology 4 (1994), S. 207-211 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-2981
    Keywords: Abdominal aorta ; Bleeding site ; Coagulation ; Haematology ; Inferior vena cava ; Orbital venous plexus ; Plasma chemistry ; Rats
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Of paramount importance to most toxicity studies in rats is the evaluation of haematological, coagulation and clinical chemistry parameters. In European and North American countries, the orbital venous plexus (OVP) is currently the most common route for obtaining blood, whereas in Japan the inferior vena cava (IVC) and abdominal aorta (AA) are the preferred routes. In order to compare clinical pathology parameters from the three bleeding sites, 11-week-old male F344 rats were anaesthetised by ether inhalation, and blood samples collected by IVC, AA or OVP for subsequent haematological, coagulation and plasma chemistry analysis. Collection methods utilised a plastic (5 ml) syringe and needle for IVC and AA, and glass capillary tubes (1.5 mm × 30 mm) for OVP. Ten haematology parameters, two coagulation and 22 plasma chemistry parameters were assayed, and the results compared between the three bleeding sites. The results showed there were no essential differences in the haematological or plasma chemistry values when blood was withdrawn from either the IVC or OVP. However, blood collected from the AA exhibited white cell counts of only 40%\2-60% of the values from the other two sites, and plasma glucose values showed slightly higher values. Other haematological, coagulation and plasma chemistry values showed no meaningful differences between the three bleeding sites, any differences being small and not considered to be biologically or clinically significant. Although some values may vary with the selection of bleeding site, careful and gentle sampling, avoiding stress and artefacts (e.g. tissue fluid) will minimise these differences. It is important therefore that clinical pathology assays during the course of a toxicity study should use the same sample site, preanalytical conditions and analytical methods. The results obtained in this study will be used as baseline data for haematology and clinical chemistry characteristics for the three bleeding sites in male F344 rats.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00185175
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Periventricular hyperintensity on magnetic resonance imaging correlated with brain ageing and atrophy (1993)
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 35 (1993), S. 125-129 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Periventricular hyperintensity ; Brain atrophy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Fifty-two patients with cerebrovascular risk factors without neurological abnormalities were reviewed with respect to periventricular hyperintensity (PVH) on T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); brain atrophy was also assessed by CT and T1-weighted MRI. Extensive PVH showed a stronger correlation with agerelated atrophy than mild or absent PVH. The relative volume of brain affected by PVH, calculated by computer, also correlated with brain atrophy, especially ventricular enlargement. The effects of PVH on brain ageing and atrophy is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00593968
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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