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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Basic research in cardiology 85 (1990), S. 508-518 
    ISSN: 1435-1803
    Keywords: myocardialblood flow ; rightventricle ; pericardium ; microspheres ; dog
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary We have investigated the effects of open chest and open pericardium on the distribution of myocardial blood flow assessed with the radioactive microsphere technique (15 μm). Five dogs with intact thorax served as controls (group I) and six dogs were studied after a right-sided thoracotomy and pericardiotomy (group II). Global myocardial blood flow (mean±S.D.) was 0.73±0.17 ml·min−1·g−1 in group I and 1.22±0.09 ml·min−1·g−1 in group II (p〈0.05). Analysis of transmural blood flow distribution revealed that flow was 44% higher in the right and 60% higher in the left ventricular endocardial layers in the open-chest animals, whereas epicardial flow increased by 105% and 90%, respectively. As a result of the preferential blood flow to the epicardial layers of the right ventricle, the endo/epi ratio was reduced from 1.30±0.26 in group I to 0.86±0.11 in the open-chest group (p〈0.05). Left ventricular endo/epi ratio was 1.27±0.16 and 1.06±0.11 (n.s.), respectively. External work and diastolic filling pressure of the right ventricle did not differ between the two groups and therefore cannot account for the redistribution of myocardial blood flow. It is concluded that the distribution of myocardial blood flow, particularly in the RV, is severely disturbed by thoracotomy and pericardiotomy. This is an important aspect for the planning and evaluation of studies under open-chest/open-pericardium conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 69 (1991), S. 1050-1055 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Ischemia-reperfusion ; Microcirculation ; Oxygen radicals ; Chemoattractants ; PMN-endothelium interaction ; No-reflow ; Reflow-paradox
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Reperfusion after transient tissue ischemia constitutes an irrevocable need to preserve tissue viability. However, release of prolonged ischemia will either result in failure of the microcirculation to reperfusion (no-reflow) and thus the prolongation of hypoxia, or in restoration of blood flow resulting in reoxygenation of the inflicted tissue. While ischemia damages the tissue primarily through hypoxia-induced depletion of energy stores, reoxygenation paradoxically contributes to tissue damage through the formation of oxygen radicals, the release of chemoattractant mediators (TNF, IL-1, LTB4), and the activation of circulating polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs). Through the action of chemoattractant mediators and the upregulation of leukocytic (CD11/CD18) and endothelial adhesion receptors (ICAM, GMP-140), activated PMNs adhere to the endothelium, release further chemoattractants and oxygen radicals and undertain a vicious circle, which will ultimately result in further tissue damage. Both theno-reflow phenomenon and the events initiated by reflow — termed herein as thereflow-paradox — contribute to the failure of the nutritive microvascular perfusion and loss of tissue viability following ischemia and reperfusion.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 69 (1991), S. 1185-1185 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1573-2568
    Keywords: acute pancreatitis ; edema ; necrosis ; pathogenesis ; permeability ; microcirculation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Impairment of pancreatic microcirculation has often been advocated as one pathogenic mechanism in necrotizing pancreatitis. In contrast, data on pancreatic capillary perfusion in edematous pancreatitis are scarce. It was the aim of this experimental study to compare changes in pancreatic microcirculation in edematous and necrotizing pancreatitis. Twelve rabbits were allocated to two groups. Two different models of acute pancreatitis were used. Edematous pancreatitis was elicited by intravenous administration of cerulein (25 µg/kg/hr) (N=6). Necrotizing pancreatitis of the biliary type was induced by pressure-controlled intraductal infusion of a mixture of taurocholate, trypsin, and blood (N=6). Pancreatic microcirculation was quantified by means of intravital microscopy assessing functional capillary density, blood cell velocity, and distribution of the plasma marker FITC-dextran 70. Systemic hemodynamics were maintained at baseline values by fluid administration. Regardless of edema or necrosis, pronounced extravasation of FITC-dextran was recorded in the early stage of pancreatitis. In cerulein-induced pancreatitis, hyperemia developed as indicated by an increase in blood cell velocity in the presence of homogeneous capillary perfusion. In contrast, a progressive reduction of the number of perfused capillaries was detected in necrotizing pancreatitis. In conclusion, pancreatic microvascular perfusion may be regarded as an important pathogenetic factor for the determination of acute pancreatitis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Langenbeck's archives of surgery 376 (1991), S. 214-221 
    ISSN: 1435-2451
    Keywords: Langerhans-Inseln ; Inseltransplantation ; Xenografts ; Mikrozirkulation ; Cyclosporin A (±)-15-Deoxyspergualin ; Angiogenese ; Revaskularisation ; Abstoßung ; Hamster ; Ratte
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Transplantation of insulin secreting tissue as a free graft has the potential to become a safe and simple procedure to cure diabetes. However, clinical results, i.e. achievement of insulin independency, are poor, in spite of the use of immunosuppressive regimens, which are regularly successful in whole organ transplantation. In contrast to whole organ grafts, which are revascularized immediately after transplantation, free pancreatic islet grafts require the process of revascularization in order to establish a microvascular network, sufficient for the nutritional blood supply. We have demonstrated for the first time in vivo images of the process of revascularization of free islet xenografts including microvascular phenomena during graft rejection. Rat islet xenografts were isolated by collagenase digestion and transplanted into hamster dorsal skinfold chambers. After 6, 10 and 14 days the microvasculature of the islet grafts was analyzed by means of intravital fluorescence microscopy. Xenogeneic grafts were revascularized during the first 6 days similarly compared to syngeneic grafts; however, on day 10 after transplantation a reduction in size of the microvascular network as well as a decrease in functional capillary density and a reduction in capillary red blood cell velocity were observed, accompanied by microvascular rejection phenomena, such as an increase of microvascular permeability, edema formation, capillary widening and intravascular accumulation of white blood cells (WBCs) with concomitant WBC-endothelium interaction in postcapillary venules. Treatment with 2.5 mg/kg/d (±)-15-deoxyspergualin could not completely alleviate these microvascular rejection phenomena. Cyclosporine A was even more ineffective due to an extreme rarefication of the number of microvessels per islet, which may be interpreted as toxic effect of cyclosporine A on the microvessels, or as inhibitory effect on the process of angiogenesis and revascularization, respectively.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Transplantation von isolierten Langerhans-Inseln wäre ein einfaches and sicheres Verfahren zur Behandlung des Diabetes mellitus. Die bisherigen klinischen Ergebnisse sind jedoch nicht ermutigend. Im Gegensatz zu Herz-, Leber- oder Nierentransplantaten, welche unmittelbar anastomosiert werden, ist bei der Transplantation von Langerhans-Inseln der aktive Prozess der Angioneogenese und Revaskularisierung erforderlich, um eine ausreichende mikrovaskuläre Versorgung des Transplantates zu gewährleisten. In der vorliegenden Studie wurde die Mikrovaskularisierung von xenogenen Langerhans-Inseln nach Transplantation und Abstoßung mittels intravitaler Fluoreszenzmikroskopie untersucht. Nach Kollagenasedigestion werden Pankreasinseln von DA-Ratten isoliert und in die Riickenhautkammer von Syrischen Goldhamstern transplantiert. 6, 10 und 14 Tage nach Transplantation wurde die Mikrozirkulation unter Verwendung eines computerassistierten Bildverarbeitungssystems quantitativ analysiert. Nach xenogener Transplantation erfolgte während der ersten 6 Tage eine adäquate Revaskularisierung, vergleichbar zur syngenen Transplantation. 10 Tage nach Transplantation erfolgte jedoch eine Abstoßungsreaktion vornehmlich innerhalb der Mikrozirkulation. Diese war charakterisiert durch Reduktion der funktionellen Kapillardichte, Abnahme der kapillären Blutzellgeschwindigkeit, Erhöhung der mikrovaskulären Permeabilität mit interstitiellem Ödem, kapilläre Dilatation sowie Akkumulation von Leukozyten mit Leukozyten-Endothel Interaktion, insbesondere in postkapillären Venolen. Durch Behandlung mit 2,5 mg/kg/d (±)-15-Deoxyspergualin konnte die mikrovaskuläre Abstoßungsreaktion nicht vollständig verhindert werden. Cyclosporin A Behandlung (20 mg/kg/d) war ohne Erfolg, da mit dieser Therapie eine Rarefizierung der Mikrogefäße innerhalb der Inseln erfolgte. Der ungünstige Effekt von Cyclosporin A könnte auf einer Toxizität für das mikrovaskuläre Endothel, oder einem inhibitorischen Effekt der Substanz auf den Prozess der Angioneogenese und Revaskularisierung beruhen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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