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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-055X
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Koronarbypass ; Zytokine ; Gamma-Hydroxybuttersäure ; Lipopolysaccharid ; Key words Coronary artery bypass ; Cytokines ; Gamma-hydroxybutyrate ; Lipopolysaccharide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Objective: To determine the influence of gamma-hydroxy-butyrate (GHB) on spontaneous and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated release of tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF), interleukin-1 β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) in whole blood from patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) with extracorporeal circulation (ECC). In addition, the pharmacological modulation on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated cytokine release by GHB (GHB-Na and GHB-ethanolamide) was characterized in a separate in vitro-assay. Methods: In a prospective, randomized, double-blinded study, 12 patients undergoing elective CABG were assigned to receive either saline (control) or GHB-Na (25 mg/kg as loading dose followed by 25 mg/kg/h) intraoperatively. Blood samples were obtained (A) preoperatively, (B) 20 min after ECC and (C) 24 h after ECC. Plasma levels (spontaneous release) as well as LPS-stimulated cytokine secretion were measured in a whole blood culture system ex vivo and correlated with mRNA-expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). In addition, the dose-response characteristics of modulation of the cytokine response by GHB was studied in vitro in the same assay. Results: Plasma IL-6 and IL-10 levels were significantly elevated after CABG, while TNF and IL-1β were detectable only occasionally in both groups. Expression of all cytokines studied was significantly reduced upon ex vivo LPS-stimulation at time point B. Despite maintained expression of TNF and IL-1β m-RNA-transcripts upon ex vivo LPS-stimulation in patients treated with GHB, release of the cytokines in the supernatant was decreased to a similar degree as in the control group. Cytokine response upon LPS-stimulation was restored 24 h after CABG for the group mean, however, with substantial individual heterogenity. In vitro, pharmacological doses of GHB-Na (2 mg/ml) attenuated LPS-induced IL-1β release. However, application of the GHB-receptor antagonist NCS-382 caused a nearly complete cessation of IL-1β release in vitro (to 2,5% of control). GHB-ethanolamide (LK 544) did not influence the LPS-stimulated release of the cytokines studied. Conclusion: The results suggest a biphasic response of stimulated PBMC cytokine gene expression during CABG with an initial tolerance to LPS-stimulation shortly after termination of ECC. However, whether or not PBMC express functional GHB receptors remains unclear in light of contradictory effects of the different ligands. In spite of the ex vivo and in vitro results, application of GHB-Na in doses which are primarily based on its use as an anesthetic agent do not seem to modulate the release of the cytokines studied.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Fragestellung: Die Untersuchung des Einflusses von Gamma-Hydroxy-Buttersäure (GHB) auf die spontane und durch Lipopolysaccharid (LPS) induzierte Freisetzung der Zytokine Tumor-Nekrose-Faktor alpha (TNF), Interleukin-1β (IL-1β), Interleukin-6 (IL-6) und Interleukin-10 (IL-10) bei aortokoronaren Bypassoperationen (ACB) unter Anwendung der extrakorporalen Zirkulation (EKZ) sowie die Charakterisierung des pharmakologischen Effekts von GHB in 2 Präparationen (GHB-Na und GHB-Ethanolamid) auf die Lipopolysaccharid (LPS)-induzierte Zytokinfreisetzung in vitro. Methodik: In einer prospektiven, randomisierten Doppelblindstudie wurden insgesamt 12 Patienten untersucht, die sich einer elektiven ACB unterzogen. Je 6 Patienten erhielten intraoperativ entweder NaCl 0,9% (Kontrollgruppe) oder GHB-Na (25 mg/kg/h nach einem initialen Bolus von 25 mg/kg). Zu insgesamt 3 Meßzeitpunkten (A=präoperativ, B=20 min nach EKZ, C=24 h postoperativ) erfolgte die Blutentnahme zur Zytokindiagnostik. Die Plasmakonzentrationen (spontane Freisetzung) und die unter LPS-Stimulation beobachtete Freisetzung der verschiedenen Zytokine zu den einzelnen Meßzeitpunkten wurden in einem Vollblutansatz ex vivo gemessen und mit der m-RNA-Expression in peripheren mononukleären Zellen (PBMC) korreliert. Weiterhin erfolgte in einem in vitro-Ansatz die Analyse des pharmakologischen Einflusses von GHB selbst (GHB-Na und GHB-Ethanolamid) auf die LPS-induzierte Zytokinfreisetzung. Ergebnisse: Die Plasmakonzentrationen von IL-6 und IL-10 waren nach Ende der EKZ in beiden Gruppen (Kontrolle und GHB) im Vergleich zum präoperativen Ausgangswert signifikant erhöht, während TNF und IL-1β nur vereinzelt nachweisbar waren. Am Ende der EKZ war zu diesem Meßzeitpunkt die durch LPS stimulierbare Freisetzung aller untersuchten Zytokine ex vivo signifikant gegenüber dem präoperativen Ausgangswert vermindert. Trotz besser erhaltener Stimulierbarkeit der Zytokin-m-RNA war auch bei den mit GHB behandelten Patienten die Ausschüttung der Zytokine ex vivo signifikant gehemmt. Am ersten postoperativen Tag war die stimulierbare Zytokinantwort im statistischen Mittel wieder hergestellt, wobei deutliche interindividuelle Unterschiede auftraten. In vitro (pharmakologischer Dosierungen) bewirkte GHB-Na (2 mg/ml) eine signifikante, selektive Verminderung der Freisetzung von IL-1β, während GHB-Ethanolamid keinerlei Veränderungen der Zytokinantwort bewirkte. Zusätzlich hemmte der kompetitive GHB-Rezeptorantagonist NCS-382 die monozytäre IL-1β-Antwort fast vollständig auf 2,5% des Ausgangswerts ohne NCS. Schlußfolgerung: Die Ergebnisse der Freisetzung verschiedener pro- und antiinflammatorischer Zytokine bei ACB zeigen einen biphasichen Verlauf. Initial kommt es ex vivo zu einer relativen Suppression mit partieller Toleranz gegenüber LPS-Stimulation, die am ersten postoperativen Tag weitgehend überwunden ist. Ob die pharmakologischen Effekte von GHB-Na und NCS-382 auf die IL-1β-Freisetzung monozytärer Zellen über spezifische GHB-Rezeptoren vermittelt sind, muß aufgrund der diskrepanten Ergebnisse offen bleiben. GHB-Na bewirkt in klinisch üblichen Dosierungen im Vergleich zur Kontrollgruppe keine statistisch nachweisbare Modulation der Zytokinfreisetzung.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 77 (1999), S. 111-114 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Key words Islet transplantation ; Angiogenesis ; Vascularization ; Cyclosporine A ; Hamster ; Intravital microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We studied in vivo the effect of cyclosporine A (CsA) on both pancreatic islet vascularization and microvascular perfusion using intravital fluorescence microscopy and the dorsal skinfold chamber model in Syrian golden hamsters. Syngeneic transplantation was performed in order to exclude allograft- or xenograft-induced microvascular alterations. To study the effect of CsA on islet angiogenesis and vascularization, animals received 20 mg/kg CsA daily from day 0 until day 14 after transplantation (group A). To study toxic effects of CsA on islet microcirculation, the grafts were allowed to vascularize without immunosuppression, and 20 mg/kg CsA was given daily from day 10 until day 20 after transplantation (group B). Quantitative analysis of the process of islet vascularization in group A revealed a functional capillary density (FCD) of 515.6±72.7 cm–1 at day 6 after transplantation without further increase until day 14 (504.3±16.7 cm–1). Islet transplants which were not treated with CsA during the process of angiogenesis/vascularization (group B) demonstrated a slightly but significantly (P〈0.05) higher FCD (604.7±42.5 cm–1) at day 14 after transplantation, indicating slightly improved vascularization when compared to transplants of group A. Additional CsA treatment of these islet grafts until day 20 did not induce derangements of microvascular perfusion (601.2±67.0 cm–1), indicating that the immunosuppressive, drug has no toxic/detrimental effects on the transplants nutritional blood supply. We conclude that CsA only slightly alters the process of final vascularization of freely transplanted islets, and does not deteriorate nutritive perfusion of completely vascularized grafts.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-1238
    Keywords: Key words Abdominal aortic aneurysm ; Cytokines ; Systemic inflammatory response syndrome ; Ischemia-reperfusion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objective: To characterize the impact of abdominal aortic aneurysm repair (AAAR) on spontaneous as well as lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced gene expression of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Design: Prospective, controlled in vivo / ex vivo study. Setting: University hospital. Patients and interventions: Whole blood from 14 consecutive patients undergoing AAAR withdrawn prior to surgery (T1), at the end of ischemia (T2), 90 min after declamping (T3) and on the first postoperative day (T4) was cultured in the absence or presence of LPS. Five patients undergoing elective inguinal hernia repair served as controls. Measurements and results: While tumor necrosis factor (TNF), Interleukin (IL)-1 and IL-10 plasma concentrations did not increase significantly, IL-6 was elevated at each time point, as compared with T1. Despite the spontaneous release of trace amounts of IL-6, the ability of cultured whole blood to mount a cytokine response in vitro to LPS was impaired for all cytokines studied at T2 (TNF –62 %, IL-1 –51 %, IL-6 –20 %, IL-10 –51 %). The stimulated IL-6 response was restored early after declamping (T3: + 56 %) and enhanced 1 day after operation (T4: + 144 %). In contrast, stimulated TNF and IL-1 responses remained depressed at T3 (TNF –48 %, IL-1 –64 %) and T4 (TNF –40 %, IL-1 –24 %). A biphasic pattern was observed for IL-10 with initial depression at T3 (-51 %) and restoration at T4 ( + 40 %). Among the different cytokines monitored, only impaired TNF responsiveness at early reperfusion (T3) correlated with the postoperative course, as reflected by APACHE II. Cytokine response to LPS was maintained or even increased during and after surgery in the whole blood from patients undergoing hernia repair. Conclusions: Despite consistent development of clinical signs of systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) and spontaneous release of IL-6 abdominal aortic aneurysm repair produces a state of impaired pro-inflammatory cytokine response upon a subsequent in vitro Gram-negative stimulus. This early impairment of TNF responsiveness seems to correlate with an unfavorable postoperative course.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Intensive care medicine 22 (1996), S. 616-617 
    ISSN: 1432-1238
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Key words Apoptosis ; Cell surface ; Cell nucleus ; Blebs ; TNF-α ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α-induced apoptosis is associated with several nuclear and cell surface alterations, in particular with the condensation of chromatin and the fragmentation of the cell nucleus, formation of blebs on the cell surface and breakdown of the plasma membrane. However, there is little information about the relationship between the cell surface alterations and the nuclear changes during apoptosis. To study this, cultured WEHI cells were exposed to TNF-α over different time periods. The cytological changes were studied using a correlative approach, which allowed observation of the same cell consecutively under light, scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The earliest sign of cell alteration was a reduction of the number of microvilli after 15 min of TNF-α exposure. This reaction was reversible (reappearance of microvilli) and took place during the first hour, in which neither nuclear alterations nor plasma membrane breakdown were observed. The changes in the nucleus began with condensation of chromatin after approximately 1 h of TNF-α-exposure. After 4–5 h the microvilli disappeared again, particularly in areas where the formation of blebs (blebbing) was observed. Strikingly, cell surface alterations (bleb formation) were detected only in those cells that presented with condensed chromatin, and not in cells with a normal chromatin pattern, proving at least a close correlation between nuclear and cell surface changes during the process of apoptosis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Surgical endoscopy and other interventional techniques 13 (1999), S. 118-122 
    ISSN: 1432-2218
    Keywords: Key words: Hands-on training course — Minimal invasive surgery — Laparoscopic anterior interbody spine fusion — Porcine model
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Background: Although it is widely proposed that surgeons, before introducing a novel laparoscopic technique in man, should practice in an appropriate animal model for acquisition of the necessary technical skills, the effectiveness of those hands-on training courses are rarely documented. Methods: In 1995 we have organized eight hands-on training courses for laparoscopic anterior interbody spine fusion in an in vivo porcine model. A total of 72 colleagues from 50 different centers of 12 countries participated, including orthopedic, trauma, visceral, neuro-, and vascular surgeons. Quality and effectiveness of the course were evaluated by a questionnaire after a 1.5- to 2.5-year period. Results: During this time, 42.2% of the participating centers had applied the new technique successfully in man. Centers which participated in the course with a team that included a skilled laparoscopic surgeon and an orthopedic or trauma surgeon introduced the technique more frequently to clinical practice (57.9%) than those represented by only one participant (30.8%). Moreover, there was a tendency toward a more frequent introduction of the technique to clinical practice in centers associated with university hospitals (57.1% vs. 29.2%), indicating the requirement of a particular infrastructure for this complex interdisciplinary procedure. Almost all participants (98.3%) agreed that for novel surgical techniques requiring advanced technical skills, there should first be training in a large animal model before the technique is applied in man. Conclusions: Complex laparoscopic procedures (i.e., laparoscopic spine surgery) can be successfully learned by in vivo hands-on training courses. We propose that for refinements and modifications of the technique (e.g., the lumboscopic approach), there should also first be training in a large animal model before these are applied in man.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Surgical endoscopy and other interventional techniques 10 (1996), S. 143-146 
    ISSN: 1432-2218
    Keywords: Anterior lumbar interbody spine fusion ; Laparoscopic surgery ; Minimal invasive surgery ; Pig model
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Background: We elucidated whether anterior lumbar spine fusion with interbody implants (BAK) can be performed in an experimental model in the pig using a transperitoneal laporoscopic approach. Methods: In seven animals, a pneumoperitoneum with an intraabdominal pressure of 12 mmHg was induced, and five trocars were placed in the middle, as well as in the left and right lateral aspect of the abdomen. With the use of specially designed instruments, the bifurcations of the aorta and vena cava were prepared. The sacral artery, overlying the anterior aspect of the L5/S1 disc space, was retracted, allowing the exposure of the disc space. A working trocar was then fixed to the spine bodies above (L6) and below (S1) the disc, and instrumentation was completed by destruction of the disc, insertion of distraction plug, and implantation of the BAK cage. X-ray control allowed exact positioning of the cage. Results: There were no major complications during the operative procedure, in particular no bleeding from major blood vessels and no injury to intraperitoneal organs. Cages were implanted in all animals in correct position, as indicated by postoperative X-ray control. Conclusions: We conclude from our experiments that in the pig model implants for anterior interbody lumbar spine fusion can be inserted successfully using the laparoscopic approach. We propose that the pig model represents an ideal tool for training before applying this operative procedure in men.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 69 (1991), S. 1050-1055 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Ischemia-reperfusion ; Microcirculation ; Oxygen radicals ; Chemoattractants ; PMN-endothelium interaction ; No-reflow ; Reflow-paradox
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Reperfusion after transient tissue ischemia constitutes an irrevocable need to preserve tissue viability. However, release of prolonged ischemia will either result in failure of the microcirculation to reperfusion (no-reflow) and thus the prolongation of hypoxia, or in restoration of blood flow resulting in reoxygenation of the inflicted tissue. While ischemia damages the tissue primarily through hypoxia-induced depletion of energy stores, reoxygenation paradoxically contributes to tissue damage through the formation of oxygen radicals, the release of chemoattractant mediators (TNF, IL-1, LTB4), and the activation of circulating polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs). Through the action of chemoattractant mediators and the upregulation of leukocytic (CD11/CD18) and endothelial adhesion receptors (ICAM, GMP-140), activated PMNs adhere to the endothelium, release further chemoattractants and oxygen radicals and undertain a vicious circle, which will ultimately result in further tissue damage. Both theno-reflow phenomenon and the events initiated by reflow — termed herein as thereflow-paradox — contribute to the failure of the nutritive microvascular perfusion and loss of tissue viability following ischemia and reperfusion.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 69 (1991), S. 1185-1185 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1432-2218
    Keywords: Key words: Anterior spine fusion — CO2 insufflation — ETCO2— Hypercapnia — Hypoxia — Minimally invasive surgery — Peak respiratory pressure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Background: Using a novel endoscopic retroperitoneal approach for thoracolumbar anterior spine fusion, we examined the cardiopulmonary effects of the inevitably associated carbon dioxide (CO2) thoracoretroperitoneum and evaluated noninvasive parameters, which may provide early and adequate recognition of cardiopulmonary dysfunction. Methods: Under balanced anesthesia and paralysis, six pigs subjected to endoscopic CO2 thoracoretroperitoneal spine fusion underwent extensive pulmonary and hemodynamic online monitoring throughout the operative procedure. Open thoracophrenolumbotomy in six pigs served as a control procedure. Results: In contrast to unchanged cardiopulmonary parameters during open thoracolumbar spine surgery, CO2 thoracoretroperitoneum caused significant hypercapnia, hypoxia, and acidemia with concomitant tachycardia, pulmonary hypertension, and systemic hypotension. Ventilatory adjustment, CO2 evacuation, or both promptly reversed the cardiopulmonary effects. Noninvasively assessed end-tidal CO2, peak respiratory pressure, and heart rate were early clues for detecting the tension pneumothorax-like cardiopulmonary dysfunction, as indicated by a significant correlation with the invasively assessed pulmonary hemodynamic parameters and arterial blood gases. Conclusions: During endoscopic thoracolumbar spine fusion, CO2 thoracoretroperitoneum induces cardiopulmonary dysfunction, which, however, can be detected reliably by changes in end-tidal CO2, peak respiratory pressure, and heart rate, and which can be corrected immediately by appropriate ventilatory adjustments. Therefore, endoscopic CO2 thoracoretroperitoneal spine fusion might not necessarily require extraordinarily extensive and invasive monitoring of systemic and pulmonary hemodynamics, but ventilatory adjustment and intrathoracic pressure evacuation should be readily available to reexpand the lung, and to facilitate rapid normalization of hemodynamic conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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