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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Generalization study with some narcotic and nonnarcotic durgs in rats trained for morphine-saline discrimination (1978)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 60 (1978), S. 103-104 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Narcotic discrimination ; Morphine ; Propoxyphene ; Fentanyl ; Sulfentanyl ; Alcohol ; Azaperone ; Clonidine ; Pentobarbital ; Naloxone ; Parachloroamphetamine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Rats were trained to lever-press on an FR-10 schedule for food reinforcement, and to respond differentially on two levers while discriminating the effects of morphine (10 mg/kg) injection from those of saline (1 ml/kg). Following discrimination training, the morphine stimulus was generalized to propoxyphene, methadone, fentanyl, and sulfentanyl in a dose-dependent manner, and saline was generalized to alcohol, pentobarbital, azaperone, clonidine, naloxone, and pchloroamphetamine. p-Chloroamphetamine failed to block the morphine stimulus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00429187
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reversal by Narcotic Antagonist of a Narcotic Action elicited by a Conditional Stimulus (1974)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 247 (1974), S. 65-67 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] We used male Long-Evans rats (200-250 g) housed individually in a room maintained at 21-23 C with lights alternating on a 12 h dark-light cycle. Food (Purina chow) and water were available ad libitum except during injections and when physiological measurements were being made. The rats were given ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/247065a0
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Discriminative stimulus properties of pentylenetetrazol and bemegride: Some generalization and antagonism tests (1979)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 64 (1979), S. 315-319 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Drug discrimination ; Pentylenetetrazol ; Anxiolytics ; Chlordiazepoxide ; Diazepam ; Flurazepam ; Clobazam ; Meprobamate ; Cocaine ; Nicotine ; CNS stimulants ; Bemegride ; d-Amphetamine ; Methylphenidate ; Anxiety
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In an operant procedure of lever pressing on a FR 10 schedule of food reinforcement, male hooded rats were trained to respond with a lever on one side of a food cup following a drug injection, and to respond with a lever on the alternate side following a 1ml/kg saline injection. All of 14 subjects learned to discriminate reliably between the effects of 20 mg/kg pentylene-tetrazol (PTZ) and saline. Seven of eight rats learned to discriminate between the effects of bemegride (5 mg/kg) and saline. None of 14 rats learned to discriminate between 5 mg/kg PTZ and saline. The bemegride discriminative stimulus generalized to PTZ (20 mg/kg) and was antagonized by chlordiazepoxide (10 mg/kg). Chlordiazepoxide, diazepam, flurazepam, clobazam, and meprobamate were all effective antagonists of PTZ in a dose-dependent manner. Bemegride and cocaine generalized to the PTZ discriminative stimulus in a dose-dependent manner, but d-amphetamine, methylphenidate, and nicotine did not. Since bemegride and PTZ are convulsants at higher doses, the discriminative stimulus properties of these drugs might be based on a subtle convulsive brain state. The anxiolytic properties of benzodiazepines and meprobamate suggest that the discriminative stimulus produced by these convulsants is related to an “anxiety-inducing” action.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00427516
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reduction of morphine-withdrawal aggression by conditional social stimuli (1976)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 48 (1976), S. 115-117 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Morphine addiction ; Conditioning ; Withdrawal ; Aggression ; Vocalization ; Rearing ; Social stimuli
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Sixty male hooded rats were made physically dependent on morphine by steadily increasing doses of morphine sulphate. A maintenance dose of 400 mg/kg/day was reached in 10 days and was continued for 5 additional days. At the end of the 15-day period all rats were withdrawn for 72 h and aggressive responses (attacks, rearing, and vocalization) were recorded for a 60-min period. One treatment group, in which a social experience had been paired with each morphine injection, showed significantly less morphine-withdrawal aggression than rats in two other groups which either remained socially isolated throughout the addiction period, or were grouped both at the time of morphine injection and during between-injection intervals.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00423316
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Role of brain amines in learning associated with “amphetamine-state” (1972)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 25 (1972), S. 195-204 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Conditional Avoidance Response ; Asymmetric Behavior-Controlling State ; Catecholamines ; Serotonin ; Reserpine ; Syrosingopine ; Amphetamine ; 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine ; 5-Hydroxytryptophan ; Hydroxyamphetamine ; Parachlorophenylalanine ; Methyl-p-tyrosine ; Chlorpromazine ; Cyproheptadine ; State-Dependent Learning
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Conditional avoidance responses acquired under amphetamine were recalled without deficit only when tested under amphetamine (“amphetaminestate” dependent learning). Hydroxyamphetamine was devoid of this property. Dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) but not 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) substituted for amphetamine while reserpine but not syrosingopine eliminated the “amphetamine-state”. DOPA and 5-HTP, only when given together, restored the “amphetamine-state” in reserpinized animals. DOPA alleviated the deficit in retention which was caused by methyl-p-tyrosine. 5-HTP alleviated the similar deficit caused by p-chlorophenylalanine. Chlorpromazine or cyproheptadine antagonized the “amphetamine-state”. It is suggested that amphetamine, but not hydroxyamphetamine is capable of producing an asymmetric behavior-controlling state. The “amphetamine-state” is related to the stimulation of central and not peripheral amine-receptors and depends on newly synthesized catecholamines which stimulate central catecholamine receptors through serotonin modulation in this case.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00422501
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of cholinergic agonists and antagonists on morphine-withdrawal syndrome (1976)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 49 (1976), S. 191-195 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Pilocarpine ; Atropine ; Dexetimide ; Methylscopolamine ; Morphine addiction ; Narcotic withdrawal ; Aggression ; Wet shakes ; Diarrhea ; Dopamine ; Acetylcholine interaction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effects of pilocarpine, atropine and dexetimide were studied on the occurrence and intensity of morphine-withdrawal signs observed after cessation of chronic morphine injections. Pilocarpine was effective in reducing both ‘wet-dog’ like body shakes and aggression but it increased diarrhea and weight loss. Pretreatment with atropine blocked all of the effects of pilocarpine on withdrawal signs. Methylscopolamine pretreatment blocked only diarrhea. The administration of atropine or dexetimide produced no significant effect on any of the withdrawal signs. These results indicate a role for central cholinergic mechanism in narcotic withdrawal.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00427289
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of loperamide, haloperidol and methadone in rats trained to discriminate morphine from saline (1975)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 41 (1975), S. 267-270 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Morphine ; Associated Discrimination ; Methadone ; Loperamide ; Haloperidol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In an operant procedure of lever pressing at FR10 schedule of food reinforcement, rats were trained to respond differentially in order to discriminate the effects of morphine (10 mg/kg) injection from those of saline injection. These rats learned to press a lever on one side after morphine injection and a lever on the opposite side after saline injection. In subsequent testing, these rats reliably emitted responses on the morphine lever after 10 or 20 mg/kg of morphine IP, 50 mg/kg of morphine given orally or 2 mg/kg methadone. Two mg/kg of morphine (or 10 or 20 mg/kg given orally) was recognized as saline. In contrast, after either loperamide (an antidiarrheal drug) given in doses up to 10 mg/kg or haloperidol (a neuroleptic) given in doses up to 0.32 mg/kg, all responses were made on the saline lever. Higher doses suppressed responding. Since neither the antidiarrheal activity nor the neuroleptic activity was sufficient to provide the discriminable cue associated with morphine, it is suggested that specific central effects produced only by narcotic analgesics are the basis for these morphine cues.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00428935
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Morphine-withdrawal aggression: Sensitization by amphetamines (1971)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 22 (1971), S. 217-223 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Amphetamine ; Hydroxyamphetamine ; Methylphenidate ; Aggression ; Addiction ; Morphine ; Dopamine ; Attacks ; Biting ; Animal Vocalization ; Dopamine Receptors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Aggressive behaviors during the withdrawal from morphine sulfate (400 mg/kg/day), were potentiated by methylphenidate or d and l isomers of amphetamine. d-Amphetamine was most active, while hydroxyamphetamine was without any effect. Optimum effect of the drugs depended upon the drug dose and the time of morphine withdrawal.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00401783
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of dopaminergic stimulation or blockade on morphine-withdrawal aggression (1973)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 32 (1973), S. 113-120 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: l-Dihydroxyphenylalanine ; dl-Dihydroxyphenylalanine ; d-Amphetamine ; Alpha Methyl-p-Tyrosine ; Haloperidol ; Methadone ; Morphine ; Aggression ; Rearing ; Vocalization ; Biting ; Dopaminergic Neuropathway ; Supersensitivity ; Narcotic Addiction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Aggregation during morphine abstinence elicited social aggression (rearing, vocalization, attack-bites) in the morphine dependent rats. Pretreatment with l-dihydroxyphenylalanine (50 mg/kg), dl-dihydroxyphenylalanine (200 mg/ kg), dextro-amphetamine sulfate (2 mg/kg) or apomorphine hydrochloride (1.25 mg/kg) enhanced that aggression severalfold. Alpha methyl-p-tyrosine (200 mg/kg) abolished the morphine withdrawal aggression that was elicited either by mere aggregation or by aggregation combined with amphetamine. However, alpha methyl-p-tyrosine did not block the aggression in apomorphine treated rats. Haloperidol (0.63–2.5 mg/kg) also blocked the aggression due to mere abstinence or abstinence supersensitized by amphetamine. Similarly, methadone hydrochloride (5–20 mg/kg) blocked morphine withdrawal aggression supersensitized by apomorphine. These data are interpreted to suggest dopaminergic basis of morphine withdrawal aggression and a latent supersensitivity of dopaminergic neuropathways during morphine dependence.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00428682
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of apomorphine and nigrostriatal lesions on aggression and striatal dopamine turnover during morphine withdrawal: Evidence for dopaminergic supersensitivity in protracted abstinence (1974)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 34 (1974), S. 37-44 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Aggression ; Morphine Addiction ; Apomorphine ; Dopamine Receptors ; Receptor Supersensitivity ; Narcotic Abstinence ; Nigrostriatal Lesion ; Medial Forebrain Bundle Lesion ; Protracted Abstinence ; Dopamine Turnover
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Reliable aggression was seen in rats which were grouped 30 days after undergoing continuous withdrawal from morphine. This withdrawal aggression, associated with long-lasting effects of morphine dependence, was blocked by morphine or lesions of the nigrostriatal bundle, but not by lesions of the median forebrain bundle. When the nigrostriatal lesioned rats were treated with a small dose of apomorphine, the aggression was reinstated. Apomorphine reduced the turnover of dopamine in the 30-day withdrawn rats at doses which were ineffective in similarly housed non-dependent rats. These results suggest that animals undergoing protracted morphine abstinence show aggression due to a latent dopaminergic supersensitivity, similar to that previously reported during acute narcotic withdrawal.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00421218
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