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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 107 (1974), S. 3053-3069 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Unusual Course of an Acetal Hydrolysis during a Synthesis of HomotropilideneAcetals 3a-c are synthesized by Diels-Alder reaction of cyclopropene and 1-methyleyclopropene with tetrachlorocyclopentadienone acetals. Dechlorination of the adducts leads to the acetals 4a-c; their reaction with diazomethane yields 8a-c. Hydrolysing the acetals 8a, b the ketone 9 (35%) and a rearranged product 10 (65%) are formed. The hydrolysis of the acetal 8c gives only the rearranged products 11a-c. The constitution and the stereochemistry of all new products is confirmed by 1H and 13C n.m.r. spectroscopy, in the case of alcohol 11a by using Eu(fod)3 as a shift reagent. The mechanism of the hydrolysis is explained by the nature of the intermediate carbenium-oxonium ion and its steric shielding by the exo-cyclopropane ring.
    Notes: Durch Diels-Alder-Reaktion von Cyclopropen bzw. 1-Methylcyclopropen mit Tetrachlor-cyclopentadienon-acetalen werden die Acetale 3a-c erhalten. Die Dechlorierung der Addukte liefert die Acetale 4a-c, deren Homologisierung mit Diazomethan zu den tetracyclischen Acetalen 8a-c führt. Durch Hydrolyse der Acetale 8a, b entsteht zu 35% das Keton 9 und zu 65% ein Umlagerungsprodukt der Struktur 10. Je nach den angewandten Bedingungen lassen sich bei der Hydrolyse des Acetals 8c nur Umlagerungsprodukte 11a-c isolieren. Die Konstitution und Stereochemie der neuen Verbindungen wird durch 1H- und 13C-NMR-Spektroskopie, z. T. unter Anwendung von Lanthanoiden-Shift-Reagenzien, gesichert. Der Hydrolysenmechanismus wird über das intermediäre Carbenium-Oxonium-Ion und dessen sterische Abschirmung durch den exo-Dreiring erklärt.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 104 (1971), S. 2143-2157 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Detection of Intramolecular Mobility by N.M.R. Spectroscopy, XXIII. Mechanism of the syn-anti-Isomerization in Imines. Diastereotopy and EnantiotopyA temperature-dependent magnetic nonequivalence of the-geminal CH3 groups of o,o′-diisopropyl substituted anils (X2C=N—Aryl) has been found. This phenomenon („enantiotopomerization“) requires the same energy as the syn-anti-topomerization. In unsymmetrical anils (XX′C=N—Aryl, X ≠ X′) the barrier of enantiotopomerization is much higher than the one of the syn-anti-isomerization. This leads to the conclusion that during 108 inversion processes in 8 less than one rotation occurs. The mechanism of planar inversion is discussed in detail. A nomenclature for description of molecules that are formed by exchange of chemically identical groups (degenerate isomers) is proposed and briefly discussed.
    Notes: In o.o′-diisopropyl-substituierten Anilen des Typs X2C = N-Aryl (1-4) wird temperaturabhängige magnetische Nichtäquivalenz der geminalen Methylgruppen im Isopropylrest gefunden. Die Energiebarriere des Verschwindens der magnetischen Nichtäquivalenz (Enantiotopomerisierung) ist derjenigen der syn-anti-Topomerisierung vergleichbar. In unsymmetrischen Anilen (XX′C=N-Aryl; X ≠ X′) ist die Barriere größer als diejenige der syn-anti-Isomerisierung. Daraus läßt sich abschätzen, daß auf 108 Inversionsvorgänge am doppelt gebundenen Stickstoff in 8 weniger als eine Rotation um die CN-Doppelbindung kommt. Der Mechanismus der planaren Inversion wird ausführlich diskutiert. Eine Nomenklatur zur Unterscheidung von Molekülen, die durch Austausch chemisch gleicher Molekülgruppen entstehen (manchmal „entartete Isomere“ genannt), wird vorgeschlagen und kurz erläutert.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Detection of Intramolecular Mobility by N.M.R. Spectroscopy, XXVI. Z,E-Topomerization of a Hydrazone Catalyzed by Solvents and AcidsAn empirical procedure is proposed to calculate the barriers of inversion on planar nitrogen. The deviation of the experimental compared with the calculated value for N-methyl-N-phenylhydrazone of acetone is found to be due to a catalytical solvent effect. This behaviour is especially observed in chlorinated solvents, which are widely used in D-n.m.r. spectroscopy. A donor-acceptor complex between substrate and solvent as well as the hydrazone-enhydrazine-tautomerism are discussed.
    Notes: Es wird ein empirisches Verfahren zur Abschätzung von Barrieren der planaren Inversion vorgeschlagen. Der nicht mit der Berechnung im Einklang stehende Meßwert des N-Methyl-N-phenylhydrazons des Acetons wurde auf einen katalytischen Lösungsmitteleffekt zurückgeführt. Als wirksam erwiesen sich chlorhaltige Lösungsmittel, die häufig als D-NMR-Solventien benutzt werden. Zur Deutung werden Donator-Akzeptor-Komplexe und Hydrazon-Enhydrazin-Tautomerie diskutiert.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Evidence for Intramolecular Motion by n.m.r. Spectroscopy, XVII. Linear Hammett-Correlation of Activation Barriers of the Rotation about CC Double Bonds, CC Single Bonds and CN Single Bonds in KetenaminalesSeveral substituted 1,1-bis(dimethylamino)-2-aryl-2-cyanoethylenes are prepared by the reaction of activated tetramethylurea with benzylcyanides, catalysed by triethylamine. The barriers of rotation about CC double bonds, C aryl bonds and both CN single bonds are determined by the temperature-dependent n.m.r. spectra. The kinetic results show a linear correlation with the Hammett-constants of p-substituents in the aryl group. Steric and solvent effects on the activation parameters are also investigated.
    Notes: Substituierte 1.1-Bis-dimethylamino-2-aryl-2-cyan-äthylene wurden durch aminkatalysierte Umsetzung von aktiviertem Tetramethylharnstoff mit Benzylcyaniden synthetisiert und aus deren temperaturabhängigen NMR-Spektren die freien Aktivierungsentbaplien der Rotation um die CC-Doppelbindung, um die C-Aryl-Bindung und um die beiden CN-Einfach-bindungen bestimmt. Es ergaben sich lineare Hammett-Korrelation bei den p-substituierten Verbindungen. Der sterische Einfluß o-ständiger Substituenten und der Lösungsmitteleinfluß auf die Rotationsbarrieren wurde studiert.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Detection of Intramolecular Mobility by N.M.R. Spectroscopy, XXIV. Hammett Correlation and Steric Influences on the Rotation around Partial CN Double Bonds in Aromatic Guanidinium SaltsTwo rotational processes can be measured in aromatic pentamethylguanidinium iodides by n.m.r. spectroscopy. The found rotation barriers are linearly correlated to the Hammett constants of p-substituents in the aryl group: ρ = -1.00 (one of the CN-bonds in γ-position with respect to the aryl ring; process A) and ρ = + 1.09 (β-CN-bond to aryl; process B). With increasing size of R in ortho-position to the guanidinium system the barrier of the β-CN-bond rotation increases, whereas the observed rotation about one γ-CN-bond is not affected. The influence of substitution is discussed with respect to the planar inversion of nitrogen in the corresponding guanidines.
    Notes: In aromatischen Pentamethylguanidinium-jodiden lassen sich zwei Rotationsprozesse um partielle CN-Doppelbindungen NMR-spektroskopisch erfassen. Die ermittelten Rotationsbarrieren sind linear mit den Hammettschen σp--Konstanten korrelierbar. Nach Umrechnung auf die Geschwindigkeitskonstanten bei 25° erhält man ρ = -1.00 für eine der zum Arylring γ-ständigen CN-Bindungen (Prozeß A) und ρ = + 1.09 für die zum Arylring β-ständige CN-Bindung (Prozeß B). Mit zunehmender Größe von Alkylsubstituenten, die im Phenylring in ortho-Stellung zum Guanidiniumsystem stehen, steigt die freie Aktivierungsenthalpie der Rotation um die β-CN-Bindung stark an, während die beobachtbare Rotation um die γ-CN-Bindung durch eine solche Substitution kaum beeinflußt wird. Diese Substituenteneinflüsse werden auch im Hinblick auf die planare Inversion am Stickstoff in den entsprechenden Guanidinen diskutiert.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 16 (1970), S. 369-374 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The classical emulsion is made up of drops of one liquid dispersed in a containing liquid. Under certain circumstances, however, some of the containing phase may form drops within the drops of the dispersed liquid, giving rise to a structure known as a double-multiple emulsion. This study was an investigation of the hydrodynamic formation of these structures.Double-multiple emulsions were produced by using both transient and steady state liquid injection, with a cylindrical jet configuration. Analysis of the spray was by means of high-speed photography.The distribution of the large drops and that of the included drops were both found to be represented satisfactorily by a log-normal probability function. A simplified model based on the use of nozzle parameters satisfactorily correlated percent included area and volume as a function of Reynolds number and Weber number. Large dispersed phase drops contained proportionally many more inclusions than did the smaller sizes.The mechanism of inclusion formation was found to involve the drawing out of a ligament or sheet from the flowing jet, followed by the recoalescence of the free end of this ligament or sheet with the main jet body, entraining in the process a portion of the containing phase. Thus, the inclusions predate the formation of the drops of the dispersed phase from the jet disruption.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 17 (1971), S. 1160-1165 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 19 (1973), S. 1282-1282 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 16 (1970), S. 254-260 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An experimental study was made on the breakup of a single drop in two phase liquid-liquid developing turbulent pipe flow. The predominant breakup mechanism was controlled by dynamic pressure forces, and the drop breakup was characterized by one or two smaller drops breaking off a larger drop.The effect on the increase in interfacial area and the resulting size distribution of the fragmented drops of drop velocity, interfacial tension, initial drop size, and the distance down the pipe was studied. Regression analysis was used to determine the significant effects. Most of these regression equations had significant cubic and two-factor interactions, which is indicative of the complexity of drop breakup.The size distribution of the fragmented drops can be approximated by a normal distribution. However, the steady state distribution was not fully developed in the work here.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 41 (1890), S. 224-265 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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