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  • 1970-1974  (4)
  • Inorganic Chemistry  (2)
  • Node of Ranvier  (2)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 349 (1974), S. 133-148 
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Node of Ranvier ; Sodium Permeability ; Aconitine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effect of aconitine (10−5–10−6 g/ml) on membrane potentials and membrane currents of myelinated nerve fibres of Xenopus laevis was investigated. The following observations were made: a) Current clamp conditions: Slow depolarization (10–15 mV), decrease of amplitude and maximum rate of rise of action potential, finally inexcitability. With inward current pulses ‘hyperpolarizing responses’ could be elicited at membrane potentials more negative than the resting potential (E r ). Neither spontaneous activity nor repetitive responses to electrical stimuli were observed. No effects of aconitine were found in Na-free solutions or in the presence of tetrodotoxin. b) Voltage clamp conditions: Development of steady inward current at normal resting potential due to formation of a non-inactivating sodium permeability; heavily poisoned nodes therefore exhibit an N-shaped steady-state current voltage relation with negative slope at membrane potentials more negative thanE r . These non-inactivating sodium channels open more slowly than normal sodium channels, and can only be closed by hyperpolarizing the membrane by about 50 mV. The majority of sodium channels have almost normalτ m; theirm ∞ andh ∞-V relations are shifted by 10–15 mV towardsE r . It is concluded that these changes of the sodium permeability account for the changes of electrical activity observed after treatment with aconitine.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 333 (1972), S. 51-61 
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Node of Ranvier ; Ionic Currents ; Scorpion Venom ; Calcium Ions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Voltage clamp experiments were done on myelinated nerve fibres of Xenopus laevis to study the effect of calcium on the ionic currents of the nodal membrane treated with scorpion venom. Increasing the calcium concentration of the medium from 1.8 to 7.2 mM produced the following changes of the sodium and potassium permeabilities,P Na andP K: a) The incomplete sodium inactivation, which is typical for nodes of Ranvier treated with scorpion venom, is abolished. The curves relatingm ∞ and τ m to membrane potential are shifted by 8–10 mV towards larger depolarizations.P Na and the time constants of the fast and slow components of the sodium inactivation remain practically unchanged. b) The maximum potassium permeability,P K, which is reduced by scorpion venom to 45% of the value observed in the normal node, increases to 68% by addition of calcium ions; τ n is unchanged. These effects of calcium ions on the ionic permeabilities explain the shortening of the extremely prolonged action potential and the inhibition of spontaneous activity observed in nodes of Ranvier poisoned with scorpion venom.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 405 (1974), S. 286-298 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: ESR Studies of Radiation Processes in Phosphate GlassesRadiation processes in phosphate glasses are investigated by ESR and optical measurements. ESR shows a hole-centre in the systems K2O/P2O5 and K2O/MGO/P2O5 which depends on manner and concentration of the cations. Its nature is explained in somewhat a different way than given by BEEKENKAMP or by MIURA and HASEGAWA. Another hole-centre which is independent of cations is discussed in agreement with optical investigations. The electrons set free by radiation react with O2 solved in the glass or with cations. The particels Ag0, Ag2+, Ag+2 have been found and Agn+4 may be present too in the system K2O/MgO/Ag2O/P2O5. The system K2O/MgO/Tl2O/P2O5 shows analogous reactions, but full explanation of the lines could not yet be given.
    Notes: Durch ESR-Untersuchungen und Vergleiche mit optischen Messungen werden Aussagen über die durch Bestrahlung in Phosphatgläsern ablaufenden Vorgänge gemacht. In den Systemen K2O/P2O5 und K2O/MgO/P2O5 wird durch ESR-Messungen ein kationenabhängiges Lochzentrum gefunden, dessen Natur in Abweichung von den Modellen nach BEEKENKAMP und nach MIURA u. HASEGAWA erklärt wird. Ein weiteres kationenunabhängiges Lochzentrum wird in Übereinstimmung mit optischen Untersuchungen gedeutet. Die durch Bestrahlung freigesetzten Elektronen lagern sich an im Glas gelösten Sauerstoff (O2) an oder reagieren mit den Kationen. Im System K2O/MgO/Ag2O/P2O5 werden die Teilchen Ag0, Ag2+, Ag+2 gefunden und Agn+4 wahrscheinlich gemacht. Für das System K2O/MgO/Tl2O/P2O5 gelten analoge Verhältnisse. Eine ausführliche Zuordnung konnte aber dabei noch nicht vorgenommen werden.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 392 (1972), S. 258-270 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: On surface compounds of transition metals. V. Oligomeric reaction products by the polymerization of ethylene with chromium surface compoundsShort time polymerization of ethylene with Cr(II) and Cr(VI) surface species on oxide carriers produces oligomeric reaction products, when followed by protonolysis, that originate, at least in part, from the decomposition of a soluble organochromium complex. Different homologous series result according to the type of heterogeneous catalyst employed: with Cr(II) contact α-olefines are obtained (in presence of O2 the corresponding n-aldehydes are formed), Cr(VI) contacts give straightchain methylketones. Whereas the aldehyde formation occurs in secondary reactions the CH3CO endgroup is produced evidently through the primary oxidation of C2H4 with surface Cr(VI). A polymerization sequence is then discussed in terms of protonolysis products wherein the alkene and acetyl endgroups are attached at that chain end which is not bound to chromium.
    Notes: Nach kurzzeitiger Polymerisation von Äthylen an Cr(II)- bzw. Cr(VI)-Oberflächenverbindungen auf oxydischen Trägern und anschließender Protolyse lassen sich oligomere Reaktionsprodukte fassen, die zumindest teilweise durch Zersetzung eines löslichen Chrom-organischen Komplexes entstanden sind. Je nach Katalysatortyp entstehen dabei verschiedene homologe Reihen: mit Cr(II)-Kontakten erhält man α-Olefine (bei Ablösung nach O2-Zutritt die entsprechenden n-Aldehyde), mit Cr(VI)-Kontakten die geradkettigen Methylketone. Während die Aldehyd-Bildung durch eine Sekundär-Reaktion erfolgt, entsteht die CH3CO-Endgruppe offenbar durch primäre Oxydation des C2H4 durch O'fl.Cr(VI).  -  Auf Grund der Protolyseprodukte läßt sich ein Polymerisationsverlauf diskutieren, bei dem die Alken- bzw. Acetyl-Endgruppen an den nicht an Cr gebundenen Kettenenden eingebaut werden.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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