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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Measurement of femoral neck anteversion in 3D. Part 1: 3D imaging method (2000)
    Springer
    Medical & biological engineering & computing 38 (2000), S. 603-609 
    Details
    ISSN: 1741-0444
    Keywords: Femoral anteversion ; Rendering ; 3D imaging ; Measurement
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Femoral neck anteversion is the torsion of the femoral head with reference to the distal femur. Conventional methods that use cross-sectional computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance or ultrasound images to estimate femoral anteversion have met with several problems owing to the complex, three-dimensional (3D) structure of the femur. These problems include not only the difficulty of defining the direction of the femoral neck axis and condylar line but also the dependency upon patient positioning. In particular, the femoral neck axis, the direction of the femoral head, known as the major source of error, is difficult to determine from either a single or several two-dimensional (2D) cross-sectional images. A new method has been devised for the measurement of femoral anteversion using the 3D imaging technique. 3D reconstructed CT images from the femoral head and trochanter to the distal femur are used to measure the anteversion. It is necessary to remove the soft tissue from the CT images and extract just the bone part. Then, the femoral anteversion is measured from a computer-rendered femur image. The 3D imaging method is compared with both the conventional 2D method and the physical method using 20 dried femurs. For the physical method, which is used as a reference value, a special apparatus is devised. The average difference between the results of the physical method and those of the 2D CT method is 5.33°. The average difference between the results of the physical method and those of the 3D imaging method is 0.45°. Seventy-four patients, who suffer from toe-in-gait disease, are tested to compare the 3D imaging method with the conventional 2D CT method. The average difference between the 2D and 3D methods is 8.6°, and the standard is 7.43°. This method provides a very accurate and reliable measurement of femoral anteversion, as it is virtually equivalent to the direct measurement of bisected dried femur in vitro.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02344864
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Einfluß von Aethanol auf die Neurotransmitter Glutamat und GABA (1982)
    Springer
    European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience 232 (1982), S. 183-189 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-8491
    Keywords: Ethanol ; Barbiturate ; Cortex ; GABA ; Glutamate ; Hippocampus ; Nigra ; Striatum ; Aethanol ; Barbiturat ; Cortex ; GABA ; Glutamat ; Hippocampus ; Nigra ; Striatum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In zwei Versuchsserien wurde der Einfluß von chronischer Aethanolgabe (5 g/kg täglich) über 2 bzw. 4 Wochen auf die Neurotransmitter Glutamat und GABA bei Ratten untersucht. Dabei fand sich ein durch Barbiturat maskierter Anstieg der GABA-Konzentration in Striatum, Hippocampus und Substantia nigra, 8 bzw. 12 Stunden nach der letzten Aethanolgabe. Für Glutamat konnte ebenfalls ein Anstieg in den untersuchten Hirnregionen gefunden werden, der mit den für Dopamin bekannten Veränderungen unter Aethanol vereinbar ist. Die Bedeutung für die Pathogenese hirnorganischer Anfälle und psychotischer Symptome nach chronischem Alkoholmißbrauch wird diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary The effect of chronic ethanol administration, 5 g/kg per day for 2 or 4 weeks, on the neurotransmitters glutamate and GABA was investigated in rats. An increase in GABA was found in the striatum, hippocampus, and substantia nigra, 8 or 12 h after the last ingestion of ethanol, this being masked by injection of barbiturate. In addition an increase of glutamate has been found in the examined brain areas. This is consistent with the known effect of ethanol on brain Dopa metabolism and release. Finally, the relevance of the results for the pathogenesis of withdrawal seizures and delirious states is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00343699
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Glutamat- und GABA-Konzentration in Gehirn und Liquor Cerebrospinalis von Ratten unter Behandlung mit Phosphatidylcholin (1982)
    Springer
    European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience 232 (1982), S. 33-38 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-8491
    Keywords: Phosphatidylcholine ; Glutamate ; GABA ; Brain ; CSF ; Friedreich's ataxia ; Phosphatidylcholin ; Glutamat ; GABA ; ZNS ; Liquor cerebrospinalis ; Friedreichsche Ataxie
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Um zu untersuchen, ob die Gabe von Phosphatidylcholin, die den zentralnervösen Azetylcholingehalt erhöht, einen Einfluß auf die Neurotransmitter Glutamat und GABA hat, wurde 17 von 32 Ratten über 14 Tage 1,5g/kg Lethicon® pro die peroral gegeben. Die fluorometrische Messung der Konzentrationen von Glutamat und GABA in frontalem Cortex, Striatum, Nigra, Kleinhirnrinde sowie von Glutamat im Liquor cerebrospinalis ließ keine signifikanten Unterschiede gegenüber Kontrolltieren erkennen. Nach zweiwöchiger Gabe von Phosphatidylcholin konnte keine zentralnervöse Interaktion des cholinergen Systems mit den Neurotransmittern Glutamat und GABA nachgewiesen werden.
    Notes: Summary Phosphatidylcholine increases CNS concentrations of acetylcholine. In rats we investigated whether or not phosphatidylcholine also influences the neurotransmitters glutamate and GABA. In 17 rats 1.5g/kg Lethicon perorally was administered daily for 2 weeks, 15 rats served as controls. In tissue from frontal cortex, striatum, substantia nigra, cerebellar cortex no significant differences between treated and untreated animals were found in glutamate or GABA concentrations. A central nervous interaction between the cholinergic system and the neurotransmitters glutamate and GABA, therefore, could not be demonstrated after 2 weeks of phosphatidylcholine intake.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00343363
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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