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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Intensive care medicine 22 (1996), S. 1155-1161 
    ISSN: 1432-1238
    Keywords: Nosocomial pneumonia ; scoring system ; Risk factors ; Intensive care units
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objective To develop a scoring system for stratifying patients in intensive care units (ICUs) by risk of developing nosocomial pneumonia (NP), based on variables generally available in an ICU, and to determine the probability of a patient developing NP in the ICU. Design and setting A 2-year prospective cohort study conducted in a medical and surgical ICU. Patients 756 patients admitted to the ICU for 48 h or more were followed up until the development of NP or death or discharge from the ICU. Measurements and results 129 (17.1%) patients developed NP, 106 (14%) in the first 2 weeks. The following independent risk factors were identified by multivariate analysis: no infection on admission [relative risk (RR)=3.1, 95% confidence intervals (CI)=2.0 to 4.8]; thorax drainage (RR=2.1, 95% CI=1.2 to 3.5); administration of antacids (RR=2.1, 95% CI=1.4 to 3.1); partial pressure of oxygen (PO2)〉110 mmHg (RR=1.6, 95% CI=1.0 to 2.6); administration of coagulation factors (RR=1.8, 95% CI=1.0 to 3.2); male gender (RR=2.7, 95% CI=1.2 to 6.3); urgent surgery (RR=2.4, 95% CI=0.9 to 6.4); and neurological diseases (RR=4.2, 95% CI=1.9 to 9.4). To obtain a predictive risk index for NP, a scoring system was developed using a multivariate model. The probability of developing NP varied between 11.0% in the lowest risk group and 42.3% in the highest risk group. The patients' risk of acquiring NP was seven times higher in the highest score category (IV) than in the lowest one (I). Conclusions ICU patients can be stratified into high- and low-risk groups for NP. No infection on admission, thorax drainage, administration of antacids, and PO2〉110 mmHg were associated with a higher risk of NP during the entire 2-week period.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Intensive care medicine 22 (1996), S. 1155-1161 
    ISSN: 1432-1238
    Keywords: Key words Nosocomial pneumonia ; Scoring system ; Risk factors ; Intensive care units
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objective: To develop a scoring system for stratifying patients in intensive care units (ICUs) by risk of developing nosocomial pneumonia (NP), based on variables generally available in an ICU, and to determine the probability of a patient developing NP in the ICU. Design and setting: A 2-year prospective cohort study conducted in a medical and surgical ICU. Patients: 756 patients admitted to the ICU for 48 h or more were followed up until the development of NP or death or discharge from the ICU. Measurements and results: 129 (17.1%) patients developed NP, 106 (14%) in the first 2 weeks. The following independent risk factors were identified by multivariate analysis: no infection on admission [relative risk (RR)=3.1, 95% confidence intervals (CI)=2.0 to 4.8]; thorax drainage (RR=2.1, 95% CI=1.2 to 3.5); administration of antacids (RR=2.1, 95% CI=1.4 to 3.1); partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) 〉110 mmHg (RR=1.6, 95% CI=1.0 to 2.6); administration of coagulation factors (RR=1.8, 95% CI=1.0 to 3.2); male gender (RR=2.7, 95% CI=1.2 to 6.3); urgent surgery (RR=2.4, 95% CI=0.9 to 6.4); and neurological diseases (RR=4.2, 95% CI=1.9 to 9.4). To obtain a predictive risk index for NP, a scoring system was developed using a multivariate model. The probability of developing NP varied between 11.0% in the lowest risk group and 42.3% in the highest risk group. The patients‘ risk of acquiring NP was seven times higher in the highest score category (IV) than in the lowest one (I). Conclusions: ICU patients can be stratified into high- and low-risk groups for NP. No infection on admission, thorax drainage, administration of antacids, and PO2〉110 mmHg were associated with a higher risk of NP during the entire 2-week period.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 51 (1973), S. 791-800 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Fascicular block ; mono- ; bi- ; trifascicular block ; hemi block ; av-conduction disturbances ; HIS bundle-ECG ; Fasciculärer Block ; mono- ; bi- ; trifasciculärer Block ; Hemiblock ; AV-Überleitungsstörungen ; His-Bündel-EKG
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Auf Grund experimenteller und klinischer Beobachtungen können im AV-Überleitungssystem distal vom Hisschen Bündel 3 verschiedene Leitungsbahnen unterschieden werden. Eine genauere Lokalisierung der Unterbrechung einer oder mehrerer Bahnen ist durch eine auf Grund der Blockierung hervorgerufene Änderung des EKG's in Verbindung mit Registrierung der elektrischen Potentiale des Hisschen Bündels möglich. In Anlehnung an die Klassifizierung von Rosenbaumet al. (1970b) werden folgende Blockierungen bzw. Verzögerungen der Erregungs-Leitung unterschieden: 1. Unterbrechung der Leitung vor Aufteilung des Leitungs-systems in die drei distalen Bahnen in Form eines monofasciculären Blocks im Bereich der Pars penetrans des Hisschen Bündels unter dem Bild eines kompletten AV-Blocks. 2. Unterbrechung nach Aufteilung in die distalen Bahnen als monofasciculärer Block in Form eines Rechtsschenkelblocks (RSB), Linksschenkelblocks (LSB), linksanteriorern Hemiblocks (LAH) und linksposterioren Hemiblocks (LPH), 3. als bifasciculärer Block in Form eines RSB alternierend mit einem LSB, RSB mit LAH oder RSB mit LPH, bzw. eines permanenten Blocks in einem Faszikel mit Verlangsamung der Erregungsleitung im kontralateralen Schenkel (LSB mit Verzögerung der Überleitung im rechten Schenkel), 4. als trifasciculärer Block z. B. bei intermittierendem Befall aller 3 distalen Bahnen entweder in Form eines RSB mit LAH im Wechsel mit RSB mit LPH, RSB mit LAH im Wechsel mit komplettem LSB, bzw. kompletter Unterbrechung zweier Faszikel mit Leitungsstörung im verbleibenden dritten distalen Ast (RSB mit LAH mit Verzögerung der Leitung im linksposterioren Ast), oder permanenter Unterbrechung aller drei distalen Bahnen (subdivisionaler AV-Block 3. Grades). Die Genese der Blockformen und die prognostische Bedeutung bei unvollständiger Blockierung hinsichtlich der Entwicklung eines vollständigen ASV-Blocks werden an Hand der Literatur und eigenen Untersuchungsergebnissen diskutiert. Dabei ist die Häufigkeit vorangegangener fasciculärer Blockierungen bei Patienten mit permanentem komplettem AV-Block auffällig, ebenso wie der komplette Block distal vom Hisschen Bündel bei Patienten mit chronischem AV-Block 3. Grades. Bemerkenswert ist auch das nicht seltene Zusammentreffen von Leitungsstörungen sowohl proximal als distal vom Hisschen Bündel beim gleichen Patienten.
    Notes: Summary Experimental and clinical studies have demonstrated that the av-conduction system distal to the bundle of His can be divided into 3 distinct fascicles. The recording of electrical potentials of the bundle of His permits to determine the location of a conduction disturbance in connection with changes produced by the block of one or more of the fascicles. According to the classification of Rosenbaumet al. (1970b), the following conduction disturbances can be distinguished: 1) block in the penetrating portion fo the bundle of His, producing a monofascicular block in the form of a complete av-block. 2) monofascicular block distal to the common av-bundle as right bundle branch block (RBBB), left bundle branch block (LBBB), left anterior hemi-block (LAH) or left posterior hemi block (LPH), 3) bifascicular block as RBBB alternating with LBBB, RBBB with LAH, RBBB with LPH, or monofascicular block with impairment of conduction in the contralateral fascicle (LBBB with conduction disturbance in the RBB), 4) trifascicular block, i.e. intermittent block in all 3 terminal fascicles as RBBB with LAH changing to RBBB with LPH or RBBB with LAH changing to complete LBBB, or bifascicular block with conduction disturbance in the remaining distal tract (RBBB with LAH with impaired conduction in the remaining posterior fascicle) or permanent block of all 3 fascicles (subdivisional 3rd degree av-block). The aetiology and prognostic significance of the different forms of fascicular block especially in regard to the development of complete av-block are discussed. The high percentage of fascicular block as precursor of complete block is emphasized as well as the high percentage of blocks distal to the bundle of His in patients with chronic complete av-block. His bundle recordings can also demonstrate that block both proximal and distal to the common av-bundle in the same patient is not unusual.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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