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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Lung 148 (1973), S. 135-140 
    ISSN: 1432-1750
    Keywords: Acetylcholine ; Serotonin ; Bronchoconstriction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Auch Serotonin verursacht in Konzentrationen, welche im Inhalationsversuch nur eine geringe bronchokonstriktorische Eigenwirkung zeigten, eine erhebliche Steigerung der Empfindlichkeit der Bronchialmuskulatur Acetylcholin gegenüber. Diese die Vagusaktivität potenzierende Wirkung des Serotonins wie auch die gleichartige Wirkung der anderen von uns untersuchten Schadstoffe macht verständlich, daß oft crst in den Phasen gesteigerter Vagusaktivität die obstruktiven Atemwegsreaktionen manifest werden. Die für das Zusammenspiel zwischen Kininen und Acetylcholin gegebenen Möglichkeiten werden diskutiert. Die bei den bronchokonstriktorischen Reaktionen zu beobachtenden Blutgasveränderungen entsprechen Verteilungsstörungen bei Vergrößerung des funktionellen Totraumes. Blutdruckwerte in der A. pulmonalis und femoralis verhalten sich relativ unauffällig.
    Notes: Abstract Experiments on dogs show: serotonin in low concentrations per inhalationem causes only slight bronchoconstriction, but it develops a significant increase in sensitivity of the bronchial muscles against acetylcholine. This effect of serotonin which it shares with several other substances we have investigated, makes the intensified symptoms experienced at higher activity of the vagus by many patients with “airway obstruction” comprehensible. The possibilities for the interaction between kinines and acetylcholine are discussed following the results of elimination of the N. vagi. The other measurements: blood gases, functional dead space, pressure in the Art. pulmonale are in keeping with earlier results after development of airway obstruction, as after blockade of the N. vagi.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Lung 152 (1975), S. 281-289 
    ISSN: 1432-1750
    Keywords: Unilateral Vagotomy ; Reflex Bronchosonstriction ; Acetylcholine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Unilateral application of histamine in one segmental bronchus potentiated the airway resistance increase caused by ACH challenge of the bronchial tree. Unilateral or contralateral blockade of the N. vagus reduces the severity of the reaction by about 70% of the values before the blockade. The arterial blood gases were not influenced by the unilateral blockade of the N. vagus. The decrease of the arterial oxygen pressure following the ACH induced bronchoconstriction was not changed by the unilateral vagotomy. The breathing patterns change by unilateral vagus blockade: Tidal volume increases by about 50% and the breathing rate decreases by about 30%. The heart rates were remained unchanged.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-1750
    Keywords: Allergen ; Disodium Cromoglycate ; Airway Resistance ; Acetylcholine ; Histamine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Respiratory hypersensitivity to ascaris extract aerosol and the potentation of airway resistance increase caused by acetylcholine and histamine challenge produced by this allergen exposition were carried out on four dogs. The effect of disodium cromoglycate on these reactions was also studied. All animals presented significant respiratory distress with ascaris extract aerosol, which could be avoided by previous exposure to disodium cromoglycate aerosol. The increased response of the bronchial system to acetylcholine and histamine, observed after allergen aerosol, could not be abolished by disodium cromoglycate aerosol.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Histamine ; Prostaglandin F2α ; Thromboxane B2 ; Mediator release ; Airways reactivity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The influence of tracheal lavage with ascaris extract (AE) on airway response to acetylcholine (ACH) and histamine (Hi) was investigated in a series of 24 dogs. AE administered to a restricted area of the trachea resulted in a release of various mediators such as Hi, prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α, measured as the metabolite 15-keto-13, 14-dihydro-PGF2α) and thromboxane B2 (TXB2) into the tracheal lumen. This differed from H2O administration which resulted in no increased release of these mediators. The relatively small concentrations of these substances measured in arterial plasma argue for the role of these mediators on a local basis. On the other hand, tracheal lavage with allergen induced changes in airway response to ACH and Hi aerosols which was not observed after tracheal lavage with water. An interaction between this allergen-induced mediator release into the trachea and peripheral airways reactivity could be demonstrated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 60 (1982), S. 991-996 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Histamine ; Obstructive air way disease (OAD) ; Oversensitive bronchial system ; Histamine receptors ; Histamin ; Bronchokonstriktion ; überempfindliches Bronchialsystem ; Histamin-Rezeptoren
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es besteht eine statistisch strenge Korrelation zwischen dem Anstieg der Histaminkonzentration im arteriellen Plasma und dem Anstieg der Strömungswiderstände in den Atemwegen bei experimentell verursachter allergischer Atemwegsobstruktion. Das Histamin wird an sensorischen Rezeptoren im Sinne einer Reflexbronchokonstriktion wirksam. Histamin verursacht in geringen Konzentrationen im Bronchialsystem eine unspezifische Empfindlichkeitssteigerung. Diese kann auch durch Allergene in sehr geringer Konzentration hervorgerufen werden. Patienten mit chronisch obstruktiver Bronchitis haben hohe Histamin-Konzentrationen im Sputum. Durch Waschungen der inneren Oberfläche des Bronchialbaums lassen sich hohe Histamin-Konzentrationen in der Spülflüssigkeit nachweisen. Die Gabe gleicher Histamin-Konzentrationen intravenös verursacht Bronchokonstriktion. Es ist anzunehmen, daß Histamin-Rezeptoren nahe der Oberfläche der Bronchialschleimhaut vorhanden sind. Ebenso müssen in der Oberfläche oder auf der Oberfläche der Bronchialschleimhaut Mastzellen vorhanden sein.
    Notes: Summary There is a statistically strong correlation between the increase of the histamine concentration in the arterial plasma and the increase of airway resistance. The histamine causes a reflex bronchoconstriction on the sensory receptors. Histamine in low concentration increases the unspecific reaction in the bronchial system. This can also be achieved using low concentrations of allergen aerosols. Patients with chronic obstructive bronchitis show high concentrations of histamine in the sputum. The bronchoconstrictive potency of this histamine was found to be not always active. Higher concentrations of histamine can be liberated by washing the inner surface of the bronchial tree. Histamine injected in similar concentrations as that measured in the sputum causes bronchoconstriction. There should be high concentrations of histamine receptors as well as mast cells near the surface of the mucosa of the bronchial wall. There are many questions remaining open, which will be discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Research in experimental medicine 178 (1980), S. 29-35 
    ISSN: 1433-8580
    Keywords: Histamine concentration of arterial plasma ; Acetylcholine ; Ascaris extract inhalation ; Vagotomy ; Arterial blood gases ; Arterielle Plasma-Histaminkonzentration ; Acetylcholin ; Ascaris Extrakt-Inhalation ; Vagotomie ; arterielle Blutgase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung A. E.-Inhalation, in viel geringerem Ausmaß Acetylcholin-Inhalationen, bewirken einen Anstieg der arteriellen Plasma-Histaminkonzentration. Ebenfalls steigt Edyn signifikant an. Unter Acetylcholin ist der Edyn-Anstieg im Verhältnis zu den arteriellen Plasma-Histaminkonzentrationen ungleich stärker als unter Ascaris Extrakt. Nach bilateraler Vagusdurchtrennung kann unter Ascaris Extrakt sowie unter Acetylcholin nur noch ein minimaler Anstieg von Edyn gemessen werden, obwohl die Anstiege der arteriellen Plasma-Histaminkonzentration zumindest ebenso stark sind wie vor der Vagusdurchtrennung. Vagusdurchtrennung hat auf die Histaminfreisetzung keinen hemmenden Einfluß. Die Ergebnisse stützen die Annahme, daß sowohl Ascaris Extrakt als auch Acetylcholin über einen Reflexmechanismus, der über den N. vagus geleitet wird, an den sensorischen Rezeptoren des Reflexbogens wirksam werden. Der arterielle Sauerstoffdruck sinkt mit Anstieg von Edyn ab. Aber auch nach Vagotomie sinkt der Sauerstoffdruck erheblich ab, obwohl kaum Veränderungen von Edyn eintreten. Es wird ein direkter Effekt der bronchokonstriktorischen Substanz auf die wenig vaguskontrollierten peripheren Atemwege angenommen. Die peripheren Atemwege sind vorwiegend für die Blutgasveränderungen entscheidend, die zentraleren vorwiegend für die Strömungswiderstände.
    Notes: Summary In allergic dogs ascaris extract (A. E.) inhalation and, to a less extent, acetylcholine inhalation cause a significant increase in the histamine concentration in the arterial plasma. A. E. and acetylcholine cause a similarly strong increase in Edyn. After bilateral vagotomy A. E. and acetylcholine inhalation entail only a minimal increase in Edyn. The increase in the arterial plasma histamine concentration is as strong as before vagotomy. The results support the assumption that both A. E. and acetylcholine act on the sensory receptors of the reflexway via a reflex mechanism. PO2a decreases as Edyn increases. However, after vagotomy PO2a still decreases significantly although Edyn changes hardly. A. E. and acetylcholine are assumed to have a direct effect on the non-vagus controlled peripheral airways. The peripheral airways are mainly responsible for changes in the arterial blood gases but show no effect on Edyn or airway resistance measurements.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Research in experimental medicine 182 (1983), S. 167-175 
    ISSN: 1433-8580
    Keywords: Tracheal lavage ; Pronase ; Acetylcholine ; Histamine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The influence of tracheal lavage in a restricted area, with a proteolytic enzyme (Pronase) on the bronchial response to challenge with ACH and AE was studied in 15 dogs. Histamine concentrations measured in the tracheal liquid after lavage with Pronase were smaller than the values after tracheal lavage with allergen. Airway response to ACH inhalation was significantly increased after tracheal lavage with Pronase. Effects of proteolytic enzymes and allergens on the tracheal wall are compared. Allergens and proteolytic enzymes evidence a different mode of action in increasing reactivity of peripheral airways.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Research in experimental medicine 183 (1983), S. 55-65 
    ISSN: 1433-8580
    Keywords: Tracheal lavage ; Compound 48/80 ; Acetylcholine ; Histamine release
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The influence of tracheal lavage with compound 48/80 on the bronchial response to challenge with ACH and AE was studied in 24 animals. Furthermore, the effect of i.v. administration of 48/80 was compared to its administration into the tracheal lumen. No increased histamine liberation was detected in the tracheal fluid after lavage with 48/80, nor was an influence on the bronchial response observed. These observations were the same as those described for tracheal lavage with water. The same amounts of this secretagogue induced, after i.v. administration, a high histamine release which correlates significantly with blood pressure decrease.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1433-8580
    Keywords: Vagus ; Bronchoconstriction ; Acetylcholine ; Histamine ; Artificial ventilation ; Spontaneous breathing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The role of the vagus nerves on resting respiratory resistance (R1) and dynamic lung elastance (Edyn) and the mechanism of action of inhaled aerosol of histamine (Hist) and acetylcholine (ACH) were studied in anesthetized spontaneously breathing and artificially ventilated dogs. Observations were also extended to study the effect of electrical stimuli to cut ends of both vagi alone and during inhalation of aerosols. Bilateral cervical vagal blockade by local application of novocaine solution (2.5%) or bilateral vagotomy reduced resting R1 and Edyn and prevented increase of these parameters following inhalation of aerosols of Hist or ACH in spontaneously breathing dogs. However, the similar vagal blockade or vagotomy in artificially ventilated animals showed neither an influence on resting R1 and Edyn nor could it prevent their increase following the exposure to aerosol of Hist or ACH. Electrical stimuli to the peripheral cut ends of vagi induced slight increase in R1 and Edyn, but the effect on heart rate and systemic blood pressure was very strong. The combined effects of aerosol of Hist or ACH and electrical stimuli were additive. It is concluded that inhalation of aerosol of Hist or ACH produced two kinds of effects on respiration: (1) Increased respiratory rates with reduced tidal volume and with bronchoconstriction which were vagusdependent (spontaneous breathing model), and (2) bronchoconstriction which was a direct response of smooth muscle without involving a reflex (artificial ventilation model).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Research in experimental medicine 186 (1986), S. 29-34 
    ISSN: 1433-8580
    Keywords: Bronchoconstriction ; Direct action on bronchial muscle ; Histamine ; Acetylcholine ; Vagotomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary During administration of highly concentrated acetyclcholine and histamine aerosol (20–40 min), different effects on tidal volume, respiratory rate, and bronchial tone could be demonstrated. Inhalation after vagotomy neither showed changes in respiratory rate nor in tidal volume. These results point out the importance of the nervus vagus in case of bronchoconstriction caused by mediators. It is discussed to which degree vagus activity is required for the direct effect of different mediators in living animals.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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