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  • Organic Chemistry  (21)
  • Polymer and Materials Science  (3)
  • Airway pressures  (1)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Intensive care medicine 17 (1991), S. 169-174 
    ISSN: 1432-1238
    Keywords: Intermittent positive-pressure ventilation ; High-frequency positive-pressure ventilation ; Airway pressures ; N2 wash-out ; Lung clearance index ; Extravascular lung water
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A randomized study of 6 ventilatory modes was made in 7 piglets with normal lungs. Using a Servo HFV 970 (prototype system) and a Servo ventilator 900 C the ventilatory modes examined were as follows: SV-20V, i.e. volume-controlled intermittent positive-pressure ventilation (IPPV); SV-20VIosc, i.e. volume-controlled ventilation (IPPV) with superimposed inspiratory oscillations; and SV-20VEf, i.e. volume-controlled ventilation (IPPV) with expiratory flush of fresh gas; HFV-60 denotes low-compressive high-frequency positive-pressure ventilation (HFPPV) and HVF-20 denotes low-compressive volume-controlled intermittent positive-pressure ventilation; and SV-20P denotes pressure-controlled intermittent positive-pressure ventilation. With all modes of ventilation a PEEP of 7.5 cm H2O was used. In the abbreviations used, the number denotes the ventilatory frequency in breaths per minute (bpm). HFV indicates that all gas was delivered via the HFV 970 unit. The ventilatory modes described above were applied randomly for at least 30 min, aiming for a normoventilatory steady state. The HFV-60 and the HFV-20 modes gave lower peak airway pressures, 12–13 cm H2O compared to approximately 17 cm H2O for the other ventilatory modes. Also the mean airway pressures were lower with the HFV modes 8–9 cm H2O compared to 11–14 cm H2O for the other modes. The gas distibution was evaluated by N2 washout and a modified lung clearance index. All modes showed N2 wash-out according to a two-compartment model. The SV-20P mode had the fastest wash-out, but the HFV-60 and HFV-20 ventilatory modes also showed a faster N2 wash-out than the others. Regarding the lung clearance index, the SV-20P, HFV-60 and HFV-20 modes showed better indices than the other modes. No relationship was found between the ventilatory mode and extravascular lung water, and there were no differences in the hemodynamic variables.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 27 (1996), S. 345-349 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Ultrafeine ZrO2 - Pulver durch Laserverdampfung: Herstellung und EigenschaftenUltrafeine oxidische Pulver werden durch Co2-Laserverdampfung aus grobem ZrO2-Pulver oder kompakten ZrO2-Stangen hergestellt.Die 10.6 μm-Strahlung im Leistungsbereich von 1 bis 4 kW wird durch einen quergeströmten CO2-Laser erzeugt, der in cw-und Pw-Betrieb arbeitet.Die Verdampfungsrate ist abhängig von der relativen Lage der Fokalebene zur Oberfläche des ZrO2-Pulvers, der Laserintensität und der eingekoppelten Energie.Bei einer Laserintensität von 4.2 · 105 Wcm-2 erreicht man eine optimale Verdampfungsrate von 130 g · h-1 (cw-Betrieb des Lasers).Das hergestellte Pulver besteht aus sphärischen Partikeln; deren Durchmesser variiert im Bereich von 5 bis 200 nm und kann durch die Verfahrensparameter beeinflußt werden. Die spezifische Oberfläche ist einstellbar von 10 bis 30 m2 · g-1.Das Pulver aus unstabilisiertem Zirkonium besitzt einen sehr hohen Anteil tetragonaler Phase. Im Fall von chemisch stabilisiertem Zirkonium kann sich die Zusammensetzung während des Verdampfungsprozesses und der Rekondensation ändern.
    Notes: Ultrafine oxide powders were produced by CO2 laser evaporation of coarse ZrO2 powder or compact stabilized ZrO2 materialThe 10.6μm radiation in the power range 1-4kW was generated by a transversal flow Co2 laser which can oscillate in cw and pw operationThe vaporization rate depends on the relative position of the focal plane to the surface of the ZrO2 powder, the laser intensity and the supplied energy input.At a laser intensity of 4.2 · 105 Wcm-2 the optimum vaporization rate is 130 g · h-1 (cw-operation of the laser).The produced powders consist of spherical particles; their diameters vary in the range from 5 to 200 nm can be controlled by the process conditions. The surface area (BET) is adjustable from 10 to 30 m2 · g-1.The powders of unstabilized zirconia show an unusual high content of the tetragonal phase. In case of chemically stabilized zirconia the composition can change during the process of evaporation and recondensation.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 38 (1846), S. 508-510 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 61 (1847), S. 255-261 
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 65 (1848), S. 304-334 
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 65 (1848), S. 387-390 
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 66 (1848), S. 112-117 
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 69 (1849), S. 336-347 
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Addition of Organomagnesium Halides to C=C Bonds, VI1). - Reactions of Allylmagnesium Halides with OlefinsAllylmagnesium halides 1 (la with CI,1 b with Br) and the 2-methyl derivative 2 add to ethylene, I -alkenes, butadiene, styrene and strained cycloalkenes. The reactions of 1 and 2 with ethylene, styrene and bicyclo[2.2.l]hept-2-ene as well as those of 2 with propene and I-octene, and of 1 with butadiene produce the 1 : l adducts 3, 5, 6, 8, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25 and 50, respectively, which have been identified after hydrolysis as hydrocarbons. The additions proceed more readily in cyclohexane and diethyl ether than in tetrahydrofuran. Addition of 1a to I-octene produces mainly the 2: 1 adduct 15, which undergoes partial rearrangement to a cyclohexylmethyl derivative as a result of an intramolecular Mg-C addition. Reaction of 1 and 2 with styrene followed by hydrolysis produces a 22: 78 and a 21 : 79 mixture, respectively, of the olefins 20 and 22 and the olefins 21 and 23 corresponding to metal to C-1 and metal to C-2 addition to styrene. Addition of 1 and 2 to butadiene leads to the 1:2 adducts 32 and 45 respectively; intramolecular ring closure precludes reaction with further butadiene. The cyclization is accompanied by conversion of the 2-alkenyl- into a primary alkylmagnesium compound (31 → 32 and 44 → 45, resp.). The 1 : 3 adducts, e. g. 48 are not formed in significant amounts. The reaction of 2 with excess bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ene produces mainly the 1 :2 adduct 58 as a result of several rearrangements of the 1 : 1 adduct 50 and the subsequent opening of one five-membered ring. On heating to 85°C 50 isomerizes to 53, and some degree of ring opening of 53 to 54 occurs.
    Notes: Allylmagnesiumhalogenide 1 (la mit CI, 1b mit Br) sowie deren 2-Methylderivate 2 addieren sich an Äthylen, 1-Alkene, Butadien, Styrol und gespannte Cycloalkene. Die Reaktionen von 1 und 2 mit Äthylen, Styrol und Bicyclo[2.2.l]hept-2-en sowie von 2 mit Propen und I-Octen sowie von 1 mit Butadien führen in mäßigen bis guten Ausbeuten zu den 1 :1-Addukten 3, 5, 6, 8, 20,21,22,23,24,25 und 50, die nach Hydrolyse als Kohlenwasserstoffe identifiziert wurden. Die Additionen verlaufen in Cyclohexan und Diäthyläther leichter als in Tetrahydrofuran. Die Anlagerung von l a an 1-Octen führt überwiegend zum 2:1-Addukt 15, das sich teilweise durch intramolekulare Mg-C-Addition an die Doppelbindung in ein Cyclohexylmethylderivat umlagert. Bei der Reaktion von 1 und 2 mit Styrol erhält man nach Hydrolyse ein 22: 78- bzw. 21 :79-Gemisch der Olefine 20 und 22 bzw. 21 und 23 entsprechend der Anlagerung von Metall an C-1 und C-2 des Styrols. Die Addition von 1 und 2 an Butadien führt hauptsächlich zu den 1 : 2-Addukten 32 bzw. 45, die durch intramolekularen Ringschluß, mit dem eine Umwandlung der 2-Alkenyl- in eine primäre Alkylmagnesiumverbindung 31 4 3 2 bzw. 44→45) verbunden ist, der Weiterreaktion von 31 bzw. 44 mit Butadien größtenteils entzogen werden. Die 1 :3-Addukte, z. B. 48, entstanden nur in geringer Menge. Die Reaktion von 2 mit überschüssigem Bicyclo[2.2.l]hept-2-en führt, zunächst nach 1 : 1-Addition zu 50, als Folge mehrerer Umlagerungen und Öffnung eines Fünfrings zum 1 :2-Addukt 58. Beim Erhitzen von 50 auf 85°C erfolgt Isomerisierung zu 53 und teilweise dessen Ringöffnung zu 54.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Addition of Organomagnesium Halides to C=C Bonds, IX1). - Regioselectivity of Addition of Organomagnesium Halides to 1-AlkenesThe direction of addition of 2-alkenyl-, benzyl- and of sec- and tert-alkylmagnesium halides 1-8 to 1-alkenes has been investigated. A correlation is observed between the ratio of metal-to-C-2 and metal-to-C-1 addition and the direction and magnitude of the inductive effects associated with the groups R1 to R2 present in the organomagnesium halide, HalMgCR1R2R3. An accumulation of methyl groups (+I effect) on the metal bonded C atom (R1=R2=R3=CH3) results in up to 99% addition of metal to C-2. Successive replacement of teh methyl groups by H, vinyl or phenyl groups (-I effect) causes an increase in the extent of addition of metal to C-1 which amounts to 100% with alkyl-subsituted ethylene [1-octene (9) or 1-nonene (44] for R1=R2=H and R3=vinyl or phenyl. The ratio of the products from both addition directions can be correlated with the sum of the Taft constants for the groups R1, R2 and R3 A practically linear dependence is observed between the logarithm of the product ratio for metal-to-C-2 and metal-to-C-1 additions and the sum of the σ values. Addition of the organomagnesium halides 1, 2, 3, 5, 6 and 8 to styrene (45) occurs mainly between magnesium and C-2. Here also, the ratio of the products is found to depend upon the sum of the σ values for the groups R1 to R3. However, since addition of the 2-alkenyl compounds to styrene is reversible the primary M - C-1 addition products slowly rearrange to the thermodynamically more stable benzylic compounds with metal bound to C-2.
    Notes: Es wird die Additionsrichtung von 2-Alkenyl-, Benzyl-, sek.- und tert.-Alkylmagnesiumhalogeniden 1- an 1-Alkene untersucht und eine Abhängigkeit des Verhältnisses von (Metall-an-C-2-)- zu (Metall-an-C-1)-Addition von Gröβe und Richtung der induktive Effekte der Gruppen R1-R3 des Organomagnesiumhalogenids HalMgCR1R2R3 festgestellt. Bei einer Anhäufung von Methylgruppen (+I-Effekt) am C-Atom, das am Metall gebunden ist (R1=R2=R3=CH3) addiert sich das metall zu 99% an das C-2. Ersetzt man sukzessive Methylgruppen durch H, Vinyl- oder Phenylgruppen (-I-Effekt), so nimmt der Anteil der Metallanlagerung an das C-1 zu und macht bei R1=R2=R3=Vinyl oder Phenyl gegenüber alkylsubstituiertem Äthylen [1-Octen (9) oder 1-Nonen (44)] 100% aus Das Verhältnis der Produkte aus beiden Additionsrichtungen läβt sich mit der Summe der Taft-Konstanten der Reste R1, R2 und R3 korrelieren. Die Beziehung zwischen dem Logarithmus des Produktverhältnisses aus (Metall-an-C-2)- und (Metall-an-C-1)-Addition und der Summe der σ-Werte ist annähernd linear - An Styrol (45) lagert sich das Magnesium der untersuchten Organomagnesiumhalogenide 1, 2, 3, 5, 6 und 8 überwiegend an C-2 a. Das Verhältnis der Produkte ist ebenfalls von der Summe der σ-Werte der Reste R1-R2 abhängig. Da die Addition der 2-Alkenylverbindungen an Styrol jedoch reversibel ist, lagern sich primärgebildete Addukte mit Metall am C-1 langsam in die thermodynamisch stabileren Benzylverbindungen mit Metall am C-2 um.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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