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  • Chemistry  (49)
  • General Chemistry  (10)
  • Amphetamine  (5)
  • Ethanol  (3)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ability of 3-carboxysalsolinol to produce ethanol-like discrimination in rats (1980)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 68 (1980), S. 277-281 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Drug discrimination ; Ethanol ; Apomorphine ; Salsolinol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The purpose of the present study was to investigate the possible generalization to 3-carboxysalsolinol (3C-SAL) in a group of rats trained to discriminate a low dose of ethanol (200 mg/kg IP) from the nondrug condition and in another group trained to discriminate 0.16 mg/kg IP apomorphine (AP) from the nondrug condition using a drug discrimination paradigm. In test sessions, ED50 for ethanol was 52.0 mg/kg and ED50 for AP was 0.01 mg/kg. In the ethanol-trained rats, 1.8 mg/kg 3C-SAL produced drug responses. In the AP-trained rats, 200 mg/kg ethanol produced drug responses whereas 1.8 mg/kg 3C-SAL produced only a partial drug response. The results are in harmony with the hypothesis that salsolinol in the central nervous system of the rat may be responsible for the discriminability of ethanol. The possible involvement of dopaminergic systems is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00428115
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Interaction between discrimination of drug states and external stimuli (1979)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 61 (1979), S. 105-106 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Ethanol ; External stimuli ; Drug-induced stimulus control ; Discrimination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Rats learned a two-choice operant response by discriminating differences between external stimuli, internal (drug-produced) stimuli, or a combination of these two types of stimuli. Separate groups of rats were used for each stimulus condition. A tactile and visual external cue was superior to the ethanol-saline cue in producing stimulus control, but the group receiving both drug and external stimulus cues performed in a manner very similar to the external cue-only group. The two stimulus sources thus did not “add” to promote more rapid or complete discrimination. After acquisition of discrimination, previously coincident drug and external stimulus states were reversed to determine which stimulus source had more behavioral control. This test for stimulus selectivity indicated that the external stimulus had essentially complete control of response choice.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00426820
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rats become acutely tolerant to cathine after amphetamine or cathinone administration (1990)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 101 (1990), S. 126-131 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Cathinone ; Amphetamine ; Cathine ; Drug discrimination ; Dopamine ; CGS 10746B
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The drug discrimination paradigm was used to evaluate in rats the ability of the discriminate response to either 0.8 mg/kgd-amphetamine or 0.8 mg/kgl-cathinone to generalize to 2.4–6.0 mg/kg of the active cathinone metabolited-norpseudoephedrine, also known as cathine. When tested 24 h after vehicle administration, cathine generalized in a dose-related fashion in rats (n=6) trained with cathinone (ED50=3.03 mg/kg) and in rats (n=8) trained with amphetamine (ED50=2.93 mg/kg). In contrast, when cathine was tested 24 h after the administration of either amphetamine or cathinone, it produced significantly decreased discriminative performance. The possibility that this acute tolerance may have been produced by release, and subsequent depletion, of brain dopamine was tested by pretreating rats with the dopamine release inhibitor CGS 10746B. When CGS 10746B was administered prior to cathinone it significantly decreased cathinone discrimination. In addition, acute tolerance to cathine at 24 h after vehicle-cathinone co-administration was reversed when cathine was tested 24 h after CGS 10746B-cathinone co-administration. The results suggest that cathinone-produced discriminative stimulus, as well as the acute tolerance to cathine, may be dopaminergically mediated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02253729
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dopaminergic mediation of the interoceptive cue produced by d-amphetamine in rats (1975)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 42 (1975), S. 185-193 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Amphetamine ; Dopamine ; Haloperidol ; State-Dependent Behavior ; Apomorphine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract After rats were trained to differentiate between the effects of d-amphetamine and saline in a state-dependent task, pretreatment with the tyrosine hydroxylase inhibitor, α-methyl-p-tyrosine, significantly decreased amphetamine discrimination. Pretreatment with the dopamine-Β-hydroxylase inhibitor, disulfiram, or with the tryptophan hydroxylase inhibitor, p-chloro-phenylalanine, was observed to have no effect on the rats' ability to discriminate d-amphetamine. Administration of haloperidol, a selective dopamine receptor blocker, completely abolished the amphetamine discrimination, whereas α- and Β-adrenergic receptor blockade had no effect. Apomorphine, a dopamine receptor stimulant, produced amphetamine-like responses and this was, likewise, abolished by pretreatment with haloperidol. These data suggest that dopaminergic systems mediate the interoceptive cue produced by d-amphetamine in rats, and these results are discussed in relation to possible dopamine mediation of amphetamine psychosis and paranoid schizophrenia.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00429551
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Differences in response to the aversive properties and activity effects of low dose ethanol in LAS and HAS selectively bred rats (1992)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 107 (1992), S. 564-568 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Ethanol ; Conditioned place preference ; Locomotor activity ; HAS/LAS ; Rats
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Rats selectively bred for high alcohol sleep times (HAS) and those that are less affected (LAS) by hypnotic doses (3.0–3.6 g/kg) of ethanol were tested for differential responses to the aversive effects of 1.0 g/kg ethanol in a conditioned place preference task. Likewise, the effects of 0.3–1.0 g/kg ethanol on spontaneous locomotor activity over a 30-min period, as well as the loss of righting reflex with a higher ethanol dose (3.0 g/kg), were determined in these animals. The LAS rats reacted more aversively to 1.0 g/kg during conditioned place aversion testing than the HAS animals and also had a shorter mean sleeping time following 3.0 g/kg ethanol. Furthermore, dose-related depression of spontaneous motor activity was seen in the HAS animals and not in the LAS animals over a 30-min period using doses of 0.3, 0.6, or 1.0 g/kg (10% w/v) ethanol. Taken together, the results indicate that the intoxicating sequelae of high ethanol doses, such as ataxia and sedation, may not be correlated with the aversive effects of low ethanol doses.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02245271
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Paradoxical absence of aggression during naloxone-precipitated morphine withdrawal (1975)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 43 (1975), S. 43-46 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Aggression ; Morphine ; Naloxone ; Apomorphine ; Amphetamine ; Narcotic Withdrawal
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Aggression, which is normally seen during withdrawal from narcotics, could not be produced in morphine-dependent rats by the administration of naloxone at doses which cause other signs of withdrawal. Apomorphine injected instead of naloxone was capable of producing aggression, without other withdrawal signs. Naturally occurring aggression (72-hr withdrawal) was enhanced by apomorphine and unaffected by naloxone.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00437613
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Increased drug sensitivity in the drug discrimination procedure afforded by drug versus drug training (1990)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 102 (1990), S. 221-226 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Drug discrimination ; Norfenfluramine ; Amphetamine ; Pentobarbital ; Session-to-criterion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Rats were trained to discriminate norfenfluramine (NF) 1.4 mg/kg from its vehicle or amphetamine (AMPH) 0.8 mg/kg or pentobarbital (PB) 6.0 mg/kg in order to determine the role that drug combination training plays in the rate of learning and sensitivity to lower drug doses. The results suggest that drug versus drug training can increase the rate of drug discrimination learning for some drugs that are learned slowly when trained in a drug versus vehicle training procedure, whereas drug versus drug training does not increase the rate of learning for other drugs that are learned rapidly. Drug versus drug training does, however, appear to increase the level of stimulus control of the training drug for all drugs examined in this study.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02245925
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nicotine as a discriminative cue in rats: Inability of related drugs to produce a nicotine-like cueing effect (1972)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 27 (1972), S. 379-387 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Nicotine ; State-Dependent Behavior ; Lobeline ; Amphetamine ; Arecoline
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Rats were trained to enter one arm of a T-maze after the subcutaneous administration of 0.4 mg/kg and to enter the opposite arm following the injection of an equal volume of saline. Administration of 0.4 mg/kg nicotine isomethonium iodide hydroiodide, 0.4–10.0 mg/kg lobeline sulfate, 2.0 and 4.0 mg/kg d-amphetamine sulfate and 0.25–2.0 mg/kg arecoline hydrobromide produced responses which resembled the established saline effect. Pretreatment with 10.0 mg/kg lobeline had no significant effect on the nicotine-cued response. The inability of these structurally and/or functionally similar drugs to produce a nicotine-like discriminative effect is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00429392
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A scanning tunneling microscope study of single crystal polyethylene (1990)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Letters Edition 28 (1990), S. 399-410 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-6258
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The scanning tunneling microscope has been used to image single crystal polyethylene lamellae coated with thin Au or Cr overlayers. The images show a variety of different morphologies ranging from single crystal lamella resting on atomically flat, highly oriented pyrolitic graphite substrates to large pyramidal structures formed by a multilayer growth process. Small outgrowth structures were observed on the top surface of many individual lamellae and were found to be in registry with the edge of the underlying “seed” lamella. The STM studies show evidence for sectorization of the single crystal lamella as well as plastic deformation of overlapping lamellae involving c-axis slip.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1990.140281302
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry: Improved matrix for oligosaccharides (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 9 (1995), S. 809-814 
    Details
    ISSN: 0951-4198
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The aim of this article was to study the influence of different matrix molecules on the quality of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectra of oligosaccharides. An important criterion was the sample preparation, i.e. the crystallization process leading to the matrix from which the analytes were desorbed and investigated. Quality criteria were, among others, the resulting molecular peak intensity, the mass resolution, and the suppression of unwanted matrix peaks. It was found that a mixture of 2,5-dihydroxy benzoic acid (DHB) and 1-hydroxy isoquinoline (HIC) in a weight ratio of 3:1 was best suited for the analytical investigation of oligosaccharides. In addition, this matrix mixture was found to be quite tolerant against all kinds of buffers, salts, and even additives such as sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). Furthermore, we determined the different affinities of the alkaline metals to the carbohydrates and found that cesium and potassium ions ionize oligosaccharides about three times better than sodium ions and therefore have an important influence on the quantum yield.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/rcm.1290090919
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