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  • Dementia  (3)
  • Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology  (3)
  • Amyloid β/A4 protein  (2)
  • Neuropil threads  (2)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Presence of apolipoprotein E on extracellular neurofibrillary tangles and on meningeal blood vessels precedes the Alzheimer b-amyloid deposition (1994)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 88 (1994), S. 413-419 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Key words Amyloid β protein ; Alzheimer's disease ; Dementia ; Apolipoprotein E
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The localization of apolipoprotein E (ApoE) has been examined immunohistochemically in the autopsied brains of middle-aged and old-aged control subjects, with and without amyloid β protein (Aβ) deposits, and of Alzheimer's disease patients. Senile plaques were consistently labeled with ApoE antiserum even in the very early stage of senile plaque formation seen in the fifth decade. In the cerebellar molecular layer, small dots of ApoE immunoreactivity, which were prominent in the Alzheimer's disease subjects, were observed in addition to immunoreactivity in diffuse plaques. ApoE antisera labeled all of the extracellular neurofibrillary tangles (NFT), whereas only a small minority of extracellular NFT were positive for Aβ. A punctate pattern of ApoE immunoreactivity was seen at the media of the meningeal vessels lacking amyloid, when senile plaques were present in the nearby cortex. In the early stage of amyloid angiopathy, the distribution of ApoE immunoreactivity was much more extensive than that of Aβ positivity. These findings suggest that ApoE accumulates in the early stage of senile plaque formation and, furthermore, that ApoE accumulation precedes Aβ deposition in extracellular NFT and amyloid angiopathy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00389492
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Diffuse plaques associated with astroglial amyloid β protein, possibly showing a disappearing stage of senile plaques (1998)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 95 (1998), S. 217-222 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Key words Amyloid β protein ; Alzheimer’s disease ; Dementia ; Astrocytes ; Senile plaques
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract To clarify whether senile plaques disappear, we examined amyloid β protein (Aβ) deposits in non-demented subjects, and found novel diffuse plaques associated with astroglial Aβ. Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded sections from cortical areas were immunolabeled with a panel of Aβ antibodies, and astroglial and microglial markers. Cerebral Aβ deposition was primarily found as diffuse plaques (DP) in these subjects. A subset of DP was associated with clusters of intensely Aβ-positive small granules. The clusters, which were located just adjacent to astroglial nucleus, had the characteristics of lipofuscin granules and, therefore, were quite different from “small stellate deposits”. Substantial amounts of Aβ-positive granules were found inside astrocytes by dual labeling of Aβ and glial fibrillary acid protein, and the majority of astroglial Aβ immunoreactivity was located on lipofuscin granules. Aβ-positive granules lacked immunoreactivity with antisera for the N-terminal region of Aβ. These peculiar DP showed a much weaker staining than ordinary DP. The DP associated with astroglial Aβ were found in about one third of the subjects, although the density varied widely among individuals. From these findings, we propose that DP, which are associated with the N-terminal truncated Aβ in astrocytes, represent the disappearing stage of senile plaques.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004010050790
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ultrastructure of diffuse plaques in senile dementia of the Alzheimer type: comparison with primitive plaques (1991)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 82 (1991), S. 13-20 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Alzheimer-type dementia ; Senile plaques ; Amyloid β/A4 protein ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary We compared the ultrastructure between diffuse and primitive plaques in the brains of senile dementia, using pairs of routine electron microscopic ultrathin sections and adjacent semithin sections, which were immunolabeled for β protein. In the frontal cortex, amyloid fibrils were rarely seen in a minority of diffuse plaques, suggesting an initial stage of the diffuse plaques. A majority of the diffuse plaques had electrondense material and/or amyloid fibrils between cell processes in part of but not the entire β/A4-immunoreactive areas. Small degenerating neurites were often seen with apparent amyloid fibrils in the diffuse plaques, and these were considered to be in an advanced stage. The size and number of degenerating neurites were proportional to the amount of amyloid. Bundles of amyloid fibrils were occasionally surrounded by astroglial processes forming gap junctions. Neurons were found within some diffuse plaques, but capillaries were rarely seen. In contrast, in the temporal cortex, the diffuse plaques were smaller, and even these small ones had apparent amyloid fibrils. The amount of amyloid correlated significantly with plaque size in the temporal cortices, but not in the frontal cortices. Most of the diffuse plaques of the frontal lobe remained as advanced diffuse plaques (apparent amyloid with occasional astroglia and some degenerating neurites) for a long time, and did not transformed into primitive plaques, whereas the temporal diffuse plaques tended to transform into primitive plaques.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00310918
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ultrastructure of the neuropil threads in the Alzheimer brain: their dendritic origin and accumulation in the senile plaques (1990)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 80 (1990), S. 368-374 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Neuropil threads ; Alzheimer-type dementia ; tau protein ; Palred helical filaments ; Senile plaques
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Thread-like structures immunoreactive with paired helical filaments and tau antisera were demonstrated as mesh-works in the neocortices of five brains with Alzheimer-type dementia, but not in those of five normal aged control brains. The ultrastructure of the threads was examined using paired routine electron microscopic ultrathin sections and adjacent 0.4-μm-thick semithin sections, immunostained for β protein. Outside the β protein-positive senile plaques, neuropil threads appeared sporadically as small slender neurites, containing either regularly constricted or straight filaments. These neurites often showed dendritic profiles. Similar threads were also seen within the senile plaques. The threads were accumulated in amyloid fibril-rich primitive plaques, but not in amyloid fibril-poor diffuse plaques. The presence of these threads was closely associated with neurofibrillary tangle formation. Our findings suggest that wide-spread change of the neuropil neurites, neuropil threads or curly fibers, both outside and inside of the senile plaques are dendritic in origin and play an important role in the clinical manifestation of dementia.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00307689
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Extracellular neurofibrillary tangles associated with degenerating neurites and neuropil threads in Alzheimer-type dementia (1991)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 81 (1991), S. 603-609 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Alzheimer-type dementia ; Neurofibrillary tangles ; Neuropil threads ; Amyloid β/A4 protein ; Astroglia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary We examined the cellular components of extracellular neurofibrillary tangles (E-NFT) in the hippocampal areas in cases with Alzheimer-type dementia. Immunohistochemically, the E-NFT were labeled for the C terminus of tau and glial fibrillary acidic protein. Moreover, the majority of the E-NFT was associated with intensely argyrophilic rods and with tau-and ubiquitin-immunoreactive dots. Ultrastructurally, the E-NFT consisted mainly of extracellular paired helical filaments (PHF) and astroglial processes. The extracellular PHF tended to be straighter and thinner. One third of the E-NFT was associated with small degenerating neurites containing many dense bodies and with neuropil threads containing PHF. These findings suggested that extracellular PHF promote both intense astroglial reaction and neuritic alteration, and that the E-NFT are continuously changing their morphology.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00296369
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A variety of cerebral amyloid deposits in the brains of the Alzheimer-type dementia demonstrated byβ protein immunostaining (1988)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 76 (1988), S. 541-549 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: β Protein ; Senile plaques ; Amyloid ; Alzheimer ; Dementia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary We studied cerebral amyloid deposits in the hippocampal area immunohistochemically, using antiserum to syntheticβ peptide (1–28) in 66 patients with or without dementia and aged 17 to 91 years old. Senile plaques (SP) and amyloid angiopathy (AA) were detected in 36 (55%) and 19 (29%) patients, respectively. Also, cerebral amyloid deposits from the brains of seven patients with dementia and five patients without were studied in serial sections stained with Bodian, modified Bielschowsky, Congo red, andβ protein immunostain. In the patients with Alzheimer-type dementia (ATD) diffuse plaques, typical of this group, were stained withβ protein antiserum but not with Bodian stain, because the plaques were devoid of abnormally swollen neuritic processes. The diffuse plaques often contained one or more neuronal cell bodies. As well as primitive and classic plaques and AA, theβ protein immunostain demonstrated small deposits among the SP, small stellate deposits of layer 1, subpial fibrillar deposits, and focal cribriform deposits of parasubiculum, which may be new types of amyloid deposits. Amyloid plaques within the subcortical white matter were only found in ATD brains. In the non-demented patients various kinds of SP, including diffuse and compact ones, were immunostained. They tended to be small and few.β protein immunostain with formic acid pretreatment is a useful method for the identification of a variety of senile cerebral amyloid deposits.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00689591
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Theoretical analysis of magnetic field interactions with aortic blood flow (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 17 (1996), S. 21-32 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: blood flow ; static magnetic field ; magnetohydrodynamic interactions ; finite element analysis ; sinuatrial node ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: The flow of blood in the presence of a magnetic field gives rise to induced voltages in the major arteries of the central circulatory system. Under certain simplifying conditions, such as the assumption that the length of major arteries (e.g., the aorta) is infinite and that the vessel walls are not electrically conductive, the distribution of induced voltages and currents within these blood vessels can be calculated with reasonable precision. However, the propagation of magnetically induced voltages and currents from the aorta into neighboring tissue structures such as the sinuatrial node of the heart has not been previously determined by any experimental or theoretical technique. In the analysis presented in this paper, a solution of the complete Navier-Stokes equation was obtained by the finite element technique for blood flow through the ascending and descending aortic vessels in the presence of a uniform static magnetic field. Spatial distributions of the magnetically induced voltage and current were obtained for the aortic vessel and surrounding tissues under the assumption that the wall of the aorta is electrically conductive. Results are presented for the calculated values of magnetically induced voltages and current densities in the aorta and surrounding tissue structures, including the sinuatrial node, and for their field-strength dependence. In addition, an analysis is presented of magnetohydrodynamic interactions that lead to a small reduction of blood volume flow at high field levels above approximately 10 tesla (T). Quantitative results are presented on the offsetting effects of oppositely directed blood flows in the ascending and descending aortic segments, and a quantitative estimate is made of the effects of assuming an infinite vs. a finite length of the aortic vessel in calculating the magnetically induced voltage and current density distribution in tissue. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Design of a magnetic field generator for experiments on magnetic effects in cell cultures (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 5 (1984), S. 399-410 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: magnet ; magnetic field ; tissue culture ; exposure system ; biological effects ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: A magnetic field generator constructed of rare earth-cobalt magnets is proposed for examining the biological effects of static magnetic fields (less than 1 T) on tissue cultures. Important quantities of a magnetic field from a biological-effects viewpoint, ie, its strength and the product of strength and gradient, are analysed. A practical procedure for designing the generator with optimum parameters is given. Also, parameters are determined which will yield a sinusoidal spatial field distribution.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250050405
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of static magnetic fields on diffusion in solutions (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 9 (1988), S. 159-166 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: Lorentz force ; Maxwell stress ; threshold field strength ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Static magnetic fields affect the diffusion of biological particles in solutions through the Lorentz force and Maxwell stress. These effects were analyzed theoretically to estimate the threshold field strength for these effects. Our results show that the Lorentz force suppresses the diffusion of charged particles such as Na+, K+, Ca2+, Cl-, and plasma proteins. However, the threshold is so high, i.e., more than 104 T, that the Lorentz force does not affect the ion diffusion at typical field strengths (a few Tesla at most). Since the threshold of gradient fields for producing a change in ion diffusion through the Maxwell stress is more than 105 T2/m for paramagnetic molecules (FeCl3, O2) and plasma proteins, their diffusion would be unaffected by typical gradient fields (100 T2/m at most) and even by high gradient fields (less than 105 T2/m) used in magnetic separation techniques. In contrast, movement of deoxygenated erythrocytes and FeCl3 colloids (more than 103 molecules) is influenced by the usual gradient fields due to a volume effect.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250090207
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