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  • Analgesia  (3)
  • Ethanol tolerance  (2)
  • Stress  (2)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of modification of brain serotonin (5-HT), norepinephrine (NE) and dopamine (DA) on ethanol tolerance (1981)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 75 (1981), S. 231-235 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Ethanol tolerance ; Serotonin ; Norepinephrine ; Dopamine ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Rats were permanently depleted of brain dopamine (DA), serotonin (5-HT), 5-HT+norepinephrine (NE), or NE +DA by intraventricular injection of either 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine (5,7-DHT) or 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) with or without pretreatment with desmethylimipramine (DMI). Following 1 week of recovery from surgery, daily treatment with ethanol (5 g/kg, PO) or isocaloric sucrose was carried out for a period of 20–25 days. Testing at 5-day intervals showed that chronic ethanol treatment produced tolerance to the hypothermic and motor impairing effects of ethanol. Depletion of 5-HT alone retarded tolerance, while depletion of NE or DA alone produced no effect. Combined depletion of both NE and 5-HT, however, completely inhibited tolerance development. The inhibition of tolerance development by combined depletion of both NE and 5-HT is dicussed in terms of a reciprocal relationship between these two systems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00432429
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    “Paradoxical” analgesia induced by naloxone and naltrexone (1988)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 96 (1988), S. 36-39 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Analgesia ; Pain ; Naloxone ; Naltrexone ; Opiates
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Analgesic effects of pellet implantation of the opiate antagonists naloxone and naltrexone and of chronic administration of naloxone by subcutaneous injection were examined. Rats were implanted with a slow-release pellet containing 10 mg naloxone or 10 mg naltrexone and tested for paw-lick latency on a hotplate apparatus. Controls were implanted with placebo pellets or given saline injections as appropriate. There were five test trials at intervals up to 72 h after implantation of naloxone and up to 120 h after the implantation of naltrexone. In a separate experiment, 5 mg/kg naloxone was injected; there were single trials on 5 consecutive days. All drug-treated animals displayed clear and substantial analgesia by their second test trial. This “paradoxical” analgesia was gradually reversed in the pellet-implant groups as tissue levels of the antagonists declined, but increased progressively with each trial involving injections. It was hypothesized that blockade of endogenous opiates by antagonists resulted in a form of “super-pain” on the hotplate, which in turn activated a normally redundant “backup” analgesic system. The results with naloxone injections show that unlike opiate-mediated analgesia, this hypothetical system is resistant to tolerance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02431530
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Roles of intoxicated practice in the development of ethanol tolerance (1989)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 99 (1989), S. 366-370 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Ethanol tolerance ; Intoxicated practice ; Motor impairment ; Hypothermia ; Narcosis ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The development of tolerance to the motor impairment effect of ethanol was examined in separate groups of rats receiving and not receiving intoxicated practice. Tolerance to the motor impairment effect of ethanol developed whether or not rats received intoxicated practice during chronic ethanol treatment. Depending on the treatment dosage and test dose, intoxicated practice might enhance the level of tolerance attained. Tolerance to other effects of ethanol (hypothermia and narcosis) developed as a function of the treatment dosage. Intoxicated practice on the moving belt did not modify the development of tolerance to these effects of ethanol. Tolerance to the motor impairment effect of ethanol, however, was retained much longer in the intoxicated practice group following the termination of ethanol treatment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00445559
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stress reinstates nicotine seeking but not sucrose solution seeking in rats (1999)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 144 (1999), S. 183-188 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Key words Drug self-administration ; Extinction ; Nicotine ; Reinstatement ; Relapse ; Stress ; Sucrose
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract   Rationale: Intermittent footshock stress effectively reinstates extinguished heroin-, cocaine- and alcohol-taking behaviors, but not behaviors previously maintained by food reinforcers. Here we tested further the generality of the phenomenon of stress-induced reinstatement by determining the effect of footshock on reinstatement of operant responding previously maintained by nicotine or palatable sucrose solutions. Methods: Groups of rats were trained to self-administer either nicotine (0.03 mg/kg per infusion, 14 days) or sucrose (10 or 30% w/v, 14–20 days). After extinction of the nicotine- or the sucrose-reinforced behaviors for 5–15 days, the rats were exposed to intermittent footshock stress (5 and 15 min, 0.8 mA) during tests for reinstatement. Results: Footshock reliably reinstated nicotine seeking after extinction of the drug-reinforced behavior. In contrast, the same parameters of footshock stress did not consistently reinstate operant responding previously maintained by sucrose solutions. Conclusions: These and previous data suggest that stressors may be more effective stimuli for reinstatement of behaviors previously maintained by drug reinforcers as compared with non-drug reinforcers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002130050992
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reinstatement of alcohol-seeking by priming injections of alcohol and exposure to stress in rats (1998)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 135 (1998), S. 169-174 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Key words Drug self-administration ; Alcohol ; Relapse ; Reinstatement ; Stress ; Sucrose
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Previous studies using a reinstatement procedure have found that acute reexposure to the self-administered drug and exposure to footshock stress reinstate heroin and cocaine seeking after prolonged drug-free periods. Here we tested whether these findings generalize to alcohol-taking behavior. Male rats were initially allowed to consume alcohol in a two-bottle choice procedure (water versus alcohol) for 30 min/day for 36 days. Rats were then trained for 60 min/day in operant chambers to press a lever for the drug (0.13 ml of 12% w/v of an alcohol solution) for up to 55 days. After stable drug-taking on a fixed-ratio-3 schedule of reinforcement was obtained, lever pressing for alcohol was extinguished by terminating drug delivery for 4–9 days. Reinstatement of drug seeking was then determined after non-contingent priming injections of alcohol (0.24 and 0.48 g/kg; given IP and orally) or exposure to intermittent footshock stress (5 and 15 min; 0.8 mA). Priming injections of alcohol produced a modest dose-dependent reinstatement of drug seeking, whereas footshock stress potently reinstated extinguished alcohol seeking. In contrast, similar parameters of footshock failed to reinstate extinguished sucrose-taking behavior in rats previously trained to lever press for sucrose pellets. These findings extend previous reports on reinstatement of cocaine and heroin seeking by a footshock stressor and by priming drug injections. It also appears that the reinstatement procedure provides an appropriate methodology to study relapse to alcohol-taking behavior in the drug-free state.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002130050498
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Role of central versus peripheral opioid receptors in analgesia induced by repeated administration of opioid antagonists (1991)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 104 (1991), S. 164-166 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Quaternary naltrexone ; CNS opioid receptors ; Analgesia ; Hot plate testing ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Although analgesia induced by blockade of opioid receptors has been well established, it is still unknown whether its development is mediated by the blockade of centrally located opioid receptors. Therefore, rats were treated with either systemically or ICV applied naloxone or quaternary naltrexone (QN), an opioid antagonist that does not easily penetrate the blood-brain barrier. Following antagonist administration, each animal was tested for paw lick latency on a 51° C hot plate. Hot plate testing and drug injections were carried out for 4 consecutive days. Rats treated with ICV microinjections of QN or naloxone displayed paw lick latencies that were significantly longer than those observed in control animals. In contrast, rats treated with SC injections of QN did not show any increase in paw lick latency, whereas rats treated with SC injections of naloxone displayed paw lick latencies that were significantly longer than those of control rats. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the blockade of central opioid receptors underlies the development of an analgesic response.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02244172
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Naloxone-induced analgesia and morphine supersensitivity effects are contingent upon prior exposure to analgesic testing (1990)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 101 (1990), S. 31-35 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Analgesia ; Catalepsy ; Contingency ; Morphine ; Naloxone ; Naloxone-induced analgesia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Repeated administration of naloxone have been found to result in the development of analgesia. Pretreatment with naloxone can also produce supersensitivity to morphine. This study examined whether the development of these phenomena is affected by exposure to pain (hotplate testing) during opiate blockade. During acquisition, two experimental groups of rats received identical treatment with respect to repeated naloxone injections (5 mg/kg) and the environment in which the injections were administered. A “contingent” group (NAL-C) received hot-plate testing under the influence of naloxone, while a “noncontingent” group (NAL-NC) experienced hot-plate testing and naloxone separated by an interval of 24 h. At test, NAL-C rats manifested naloxone-induced analgesia (NIA) whereas the NAL-NC animals did not. The NAL-C rats also showed supersensitivity to the analgesic effects of morphine (3 mg/kg) and to the cataleptic effects of morphine (17.5 mg/kg) while the NAL-NC rats did not differ from saline controls. Thus, both NIA and morphine supersensitivity were completely dependent on testing in the drug state during acquisition; mere exposure to an identical regime of naloxone injections was insufficient to produce these phenomena.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02245785
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