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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Roles of intoxicated practice in the development of ethanol tolerance (1989)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 99 (1989), S. 366-370 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Ethanol tolerance ; Intoxicated practice ; Motor impairment ; Hypothermia ; Narcosis ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The development of tolerance to the motor impairment effect of ethanol was examined in separate groups of rats receiving and not receiving intoxicated practice. Tolerance to the motor impairment effect of ethanol developed whether or not rats received intoxicated practice during chronic ethanol treatment. Depending on the treatment dosage and test dose, intoxicated practice might enhance the level of tolerance attained. Tolerance to other effects of ethanol (hypothermia and narcosis) developed as a function of the treatment dosage. Intoxicated practice on the moving belt did not modify the development of tolerance to these effects of ethanol. Tolerance to the motor impairment effect of ethanol, however, was retained much longer in the intoxicated practice group following the termination of ethanol treatment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00445559
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of acute selective 5-HT1, 5-HT2, 5-HT3 receptor andα 2 adrenoceptor blockade on naloxone-induced antinociception (1994)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 113 (1994), S. 527-533 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Naloxone-induced antinociception ; Serotonin receptor antagonists ; α2-Adrenoceptor antagonists ; Pain ; Opiate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Several studies have demonstrated a paradoxical form of antinociception induced by the repeated administration of opioid antagonists accompanied by exposure to a painful stimulus. The underlying mechanism of this naloxone-induced antinociception (NIA) is still unknown, but the results of several studies suggest that it is a non-opioid response. This study was designed to investigate serotonergic and noradrenergic involvement in NIA. Rats were treated daily with systemic injections of 5 mg/kg naloxone, followed by a 45-s hot plate test of nociception (temperature=51.5 ± 0.5°C). After rats reached plateau levels of NIA, they received a test trial in which they were treated with various doses of different selective 5-HT or α2 adrenoceptor antagonists in addition to naloxone before the hot plate test. Rats treated with 0.16, 0.32 and 0.63 mg/kg pirenperone or 2.5 mg/kg ritanserin showed significant reductions in paw lick latency with respect to rats treated with vehicle. In addition, high doses of yohimbine (7.5–10 mg/kg) also effectively reversed NIA. In contrast, NIA was not affected by acute blockade of 5-HT1 or 5-HT3 receptors by methiothepin or MDL 72222, respectively, or by the α2 adrenoceptor blocker idazoxan. None of the 5-HT or α2 adrenoceptor antagonists had any effect on the paw lick latencies of saline-treated rats. A possible role of 5-HT2 receptors in the antinociception induced by opioid receptor blockade is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02245234
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Naloxone-induced analgesia and morphine supersensitivity effects are contingent upon prior exposure to analgesic testing (1990)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 101 (1990), S. 31-35 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Analgesia ; Catalepsy ; Contingency ; Morphine ; Naloxone ; Naloxone-induced analgesia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Repeated administration of naloxone have been found to result in the development of analgesia. Pretreatment with naloxone can also produce supersensitivity to morphine. This study examined whether the development of these phenomena is affected by exposure to pain (hotplate testing) during opiate blockade. During acquisition, two experimental groups of rats received identical treatment with respect to repeated naloxone injections (5 mg/kg) and the environment in which the injections were administered. A “contingent” group (NAL-C) received hot-plate testing under the influence of naloxone, while a “noncontingent” group (NAL-NC) experienced hot-plate testing and naloxone separated by an interval of 24 h. At test, NAL-C rats manifested naloxone-induced analgesia (NIA) whereas the NAL-NC animals did not. The NAL-C rats also showed supersensitivity to the analgesic effects of morphine (3 mg/kg) and to the cataleptic effects of morphine (17.5 mg/kg) while the NAL-NC rats did not differ from saline controls. Thus, both NIA and morphine supersensitivity were completely dependent on testing in the drug state during acquisition; mere exposure to an identical regime of naloxone injections was insufficient to produce these phenomena.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02245785
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Role of initial sensitivity and genetic factors in the development of tolerance to ethanol in AT and ANT rats (1990)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 102 (1990), S. 11-16 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Genetically selected rat lines ; Ethanol ; Tolerance ; Initial sensitivity ; Genetic
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The role of initial sensitivity and genetic factors in the development of tolerance to ethanol were examined in rats selected for low (AT) and high (ANT) sensitivity to the motor impairment effect of ethanol. Following chronic ethanol treatment (5 g/kg PO, daily for 20 days), the AT and ANT rats acquired tolerance to the motor impairment effect of ethanol at a similar rate. The AT rats, however, acquired tolerance to the hypothermic effect of ethanol at a higher rate than the ANT rats. Such ethanol treatment did not produce any metabolic tolerance to ethanol in these animals. Since there is no difference in the initial response to the hypothermic effect of ethanol between the AT and ANT rats, the observed differences in the rate of tolerance development might be related to a direct genetic factor. The similar rate of tolerance development to the motor impairment effect of ethanol between the two lines was attributed to an interaction between an indirect (initial sensitivity) and a genetic factor in tolerance development.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02245737
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Differential sensitivity to ethanol, pentobarbital, and barbital in spontaneously hypertensive and normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats (1985)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 86 (1985), S. 296-301 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Ethanol sensitivity ; Barbiturate sensitivity ; Genetic differences ; SH rat ; WK rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Ethanol, pentobarbital, and barbital sleep times and blood levels on awakening were determined in female spontaneously hypertensive (SH) and normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WK) rats. Ethanol-induced sleep times were significantly longer for SH than for WK and blood ethanol concentrations on awakening were significantly lower in SH than in WK rats. By contrast, pentobarbital and barbital sleep times for SH rats were significantly less than for WK rats and barbiturate blood levels at awakening were significantly higher in SH than in WK rats. No differences were observed between SH and WK rats with respect to the disappearance of ethanol, pentobarbital, and barbital from blood and in the apparent volume of distribution of these drugs. These observations suggest differential CNS sensitivity of the SH and WK rats to ethanol and barbiturates and provide additional support for the notion that there exist differences in the modes of acute action of these drugs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00432217
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of the 5-HT3 antagonist ondansetron on voluntary ethanol intake in rats and mice maintained on a limited access procedure (1995)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 117 (1995), S. 479-485 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Ethanol intake ; Water intake ; Wistar rats C57BL/6 mice ; Chronic administration Blood ethanol concentrations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effect of the 5-HT3 antagonist ondansetron on ethanol self-administration was examined in a limited access paradigm. Acute administration of ondansetron (0.01 and 0.1 mg/kg) reduced ethanol intake in male Wistar rats by 35%, whilst water intake was unaffected. Both a lower (0.001 mg/kg) and higher dose (1 mg/kg) of ondansetron failed to modify ethanol consumption. Ondansetron did not, however, alter the pharamacokinetic profile of an orally administered dose of ethanol (1 g/kg) over the same dose range. To examine the generality of these findings and to determine if tolerance would develop to the suppressant effects of ondansetron on ethanol intake, male C57BL/6 mice were treated with ondansetron (0.001, 0.01 and 0.1 mg/kg) over 22 days, 30 min prior to scheduled access to ethanol. Both 0.01 and 0.1 mg/kg doses reduced ethanol intake; however, water intake was not altered by either dose. This finding confirms and extends the generality of the effects of 5-HT3 receptor antagonists on ethanol intake across different species and different paradigms of ethanol consumption. More importantly, the present study shows that the reduction in ethanol intake induced by ondansetron was maintained even after a prolonged period of treatment and is not due to an alteration in the absorption or metabolism of ethanol.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02246222
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reinstatement of alcohol-seeking by priming injections of alcohol and exposure to stress in rats (1998)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 135 (1998), S. 169-174 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Key words Drug self-administration ; Alcohol ; Relapse ; Reinstatement ; Stress ; Sucrose
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Previous studies using a reinstatement procedure have found that acute reexposure to the self-administered drug and exposure to footshock stress reinstate heroin and cocaine seeking after prolonged drug-free periods. Here we tested whether these findings generalize to alcohol-taking behavior. Male rats were initially allowed to consume alcohol in a two-bottle choice procedure (water versus alcohol) for 30 min/day for 36 days. Rats were then trained for 60 min/day in operant chambers to press a lever for the drug (0.13 ml of 12% w/v of an alcohol solution) for up to 55 days. After stable drug-taking on a fixed-ratio-3 schedule of reinforcement was obtained, lever pressing for alcohol was extinguished by terminating drug delivery for 4–9 days. Reinstatement of drug seeking was then determined after non-contingent priming injections of alcohol (0.24 and 0.48 g/kg; given IP and orally) or exposure to intermittent footshock stress (5 and 15 min; 0.8 mA). Priming injections of alcohol produced a modest dose-dependent reinstatement of drug seeking, whereas footshock stress potently reinstated extinguished alcohol seeking. In contrast, similar parameters of footshock failed to reinstate extinguished sucrose-taking behavior in rats previously trained to lever press for sucrose pellets. These findings extend previous reports on reinstatement of cocaine and heroin seeking by a footshock stressor and by priming drug injections. It also appears that the reinstatement procedure provides an appropriate methodology to study relapse to alcohol-taking behavior in the drug-free state.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002130050498
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Role of central versus peripheral opioid receptors in analgesia induced by repeated administration of opioid antagonists (1991)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 104 (1991), S. 164-166 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Quaternary naltrexone ; CNS opioid receptors ; Analgesia ; Hot plate testing ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Although analgesia induced by blockade of opioid receptors has been well established, it is still unknown whether its development is mediated by the blockade of centrally located opioid receptors. Therefore, rats were treated with either systemically or ICV applied naloxone or quaternary naltrexone (QN), an opioid antagonist that does not easily penetrate the blood-brain barrier. Following antagonist administration, each animal was tested for paw lick latency on a 51° C hot plate. Hot plate testing and drug injections were carried out for 4 consecutive days. Rats treated with ICV microinjections of QN or naloxone displayed paw lick latencies that were significantly longer than those observed in control animals. In contrast, rats treated with SC injections of QN did not show any increase in paw lick latency, whereas rats treated with SC injections of naloxone displayed paw lick latencies that were significantly longer than those of control rats. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the blockade of central opioid receptors underlies the development of an analgesic response.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02244172
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of intoxicated practice on the development of acute tolerance to the motor impairment effect of ethanol (1992)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 106 (1992), S. 572-576 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Ethanol ; Acute tolerance ; Motor impairment ; Intoxicated practice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The influence of practice while under intoxication was tested on the development of acute tolerance to the motor impairment effect of ethanol. In experiment 1, the motor impairment effect induced by an IP injection of 1.8 g/kg ethanol was quantified after various intervals in separate groups of animals. Lower impairment scores were observed in rats tested at 30 and 45 min after ethanol administration than in those tested at 15 min. In group that was tested repeatedly after ethanol administration, intoxication decreased more rapidly and to a greater extent. The same phenomenon was observed in experiment 2 when a higher dose of ethanol (2.2 g/kg) and later testing (60–180 min after ethanol administration) were employed. To maintain constant blood ethanol levels, those testedat later times received a supplementary dose of ethanol. Impairment scores were lower in rats tested at later times than in those tested earlier. Again, the impairment scores for the practice group decreased more rapidly and to a greater extent. Blood ethanol levels among various groups were essentially the same. Acute tolerance to ethanol can develop without opportunity for practice while under intoxication. Intoxicated practice, however, can facilitate acute tolerance development.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02244833
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of modification of brain serotonin (5-HT), norepinephrine (NE) and dopamine (DA) on ethanol tolerance (1981)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 75 (1981), S. 231-235 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Ethanol tolerance ; Serotonin ; Norepinephrine ; Dopamine ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Rats were permanently depleted of brain dopamine (DA), serotonin (5-HT), 5-HT+norepinephrine (NE), or NE +DA by intraventricular injection of either 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine (5,7-DHT) or 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) with or without pretreatment with desmethylimipramine (DMI). Following 1 week of recovery from surgery, daily treatment with ethanol (5 g/kg, PO) or isocaloric sucrose was carried out for a period of 20–25 days. Testing at 5-day intervals showed that chronic ethanol treatment produced tolerance to the hypothermic and motor impairing effects of ethanol. Depletion of 5-HT alone retarded tolerance, while depletion of NE or DA alone produced no effect. Combined depletion of both NE and 5-HT, however, completely inhibited tolerance development. The inhibition of tolerance development by combined depletion of both NE and 5-HT is dicussed in terms of a reciprocal relationship between these two systems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00432429
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