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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Some factors controlling oral morphine intake in rats (1971)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 21 (1971), S. 192-201 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Morphine ; Oral Self-Administration ; Regulation ; Premedication
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Rats were given the opportunity to drink morphine solution following stabilization at three levels of “passive premedication”. Compared to saline treated controls, premedicated rats consumed more morphine solution, but medication level did not significantly affect morphine intake. Premedicated rats adjusted to a reduction in morphine solution concentration by increasing fluid intake substantially, but nonpremedicated rats did not. When morphine was offered in a vehicle of isotonic saline oral consumption rose sharply in premedicated rats but not in their nonpremedicated counterparts. “Drinker” and “nondrinker” rats were identified on the basis of initial response to oral morphine. Premedication eliminated resistance to morphine drinking, but even at the expense of severe fluid deprivation, nonpremedicated nondrinkers refused morphine throughout the entire experiment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00403858
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Acquisition and loss of tolerance to 1-δ9-trans-tetrahydrocannabinol in rats on an avoidance schedule (1973)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 30 (1973), S. 217-226 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: THC ; Tolerance ; Avoidance ; Rats
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Daily 12.0 mg/kg intraperitoneal injections of 1-δ 9-tetrahydrocannabinol produced tolerance on a number of behavioral measures in rats performing on a discriminated-Sidman avoidance schedule. Tolerance developed during a 9-day drug series and reversed completely during a similar period under vehicle-only injections.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00422868
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of acute and chronic ethanol administration on serotonin turnover in rat brain (1974)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 37 (1974), S. 91-100 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Ethanol ; Brain Serotonin Turnover ; Tolerance ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In rats treated acutely and chronically with ethanol, brain serotonin (5-HT) turnover was determined by measuring in the same animals the rate of accumulation of 5-HT and the rate of decline of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) in the brain after administration of the MAO inhibitor pargyline-HCl. In the acute study, 5-HT turnover was not altered after a single 4 g/kg oral dose of ethanol. In two separate studies, it was shown that chronic administration of ethanol in the form of a liquid diet for 32 days also did not alter brain 5-HT turnover, even when the rats had developed a significant degree of tolerance to the motor-impairing effects of ethanol. These results suggest that tolerance to ethanol is unrelated to any change in brain 5-HT turnover.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00437416
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Acquisition and loss of behaviorally augmented tolerance to ethanol in the rat (1976)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 48 (1976), S. 153-158 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Ethanol ; Tolerance ; Rat ; Behavioral augmentation ; Rate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The phenomenon of behavioral augmentation of tolerance (BAT) to ethanol (EtOH) in the rat was replicated in studies using the moving belt test of intoxication. Rats performing the test daily under the influence of EtOH (2.2 or 2.5 g/kg i.p.) developed tolerance more rapidly than those receiving the same dose after each daily session on the belt. However, both groups reached the same maximum level of tolerance. Acceleration of tolerance by BAT was proportional to the frequency of performance under the influence of EtOH when total exposure to EtOH was held constant. The degree of tolerance produced by BAT could not be increased by daily gavage with a large dose (6 g/kg) of EtOH. After termination of EtOH administration, tolerance produced by BAT was lost at the same rate, whether or not daily alcohol-free sessions on the belt test were given. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that BAT and conventionally produced tolerance differ only in rate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00423254
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effects of chronic administration of ethanol on startle thresholds in rats (1971)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 19 (1971), S. 95-104 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Ethanol ; Tolerance ; Dependence ; Withdrawal Reaction ; Startle Threshold ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The thresholds for startle responses to electric shock were measured in adult male Wistar strain rats given ethanol daily in doses rising from 3 to 7 g/kg over a 30-day period, and in controls receiving equicaloric doses of sucrose. Tests made 23, 36, or 47 h after ethanol (i.e., during partial or complete ethanol withdrawal) gave threshold values significantly lower than those obtained with sucrose-treated controls. The difference became greater after longer ethanol treatment and larger doses. However, when threshold measurements were made under the acute influence of ethanol in the experimental group, the mean values were virtually equal to those of the sucrose controls. This normalization, by ethanol, of a disturbance produced by absence of ethanol in a chronically treated animal is indicative of physical dependence. Following termination of ethanol treatment there was a gradual return of startle thresholds almost to control values over a relatively short period, indicating that the changes underlying the hyperexcitability are readily reversible.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00402633
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Aversive conditioning by psychoactive drugs: Effects of morphine, alcohol and chlordiazepoxide (1973)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 29 (1973), S. 239-246 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Alcohol ; Behavioral Toxicity ; Chlordiazepoxide ; Morphine ; Saccharin Aversion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Some investigators have used evidence that a drug may induce conditioned taste aversion to dismiss other behavioral effects of the drug as due to general toxicity rather than specific pharmacological action. To test the validity of this position, behaviorally relevant doses of alcohol, chlordiazepoxide, and morphine were studied in an aversive taste conditioning paradigm. Drug injections were paired with exposure to saccharin solution on repeated trials. Each drug produced saccharin aversion at one or more doses. Since comparable doses are known to facilitate rather than impair behavior in some situations, the taste aversion test is insufficient to establish the general behavioral toxicity of particular drug doses.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00414038
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effects of d-amphetamine on the inter-response times of rats and guinea-pigs on a modified Sidman discriminated avoidance schedule (1974)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 37 (1974), S. 199-203 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Bovet-Gatti Profiles ; d- Amphetamine ; Rats ; Guinea-Pigs
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Four rats and four guinea-pigs were trained under a modified Sidman discriminated bar-bress avoidance schedule. The guinea-pigs acquired the avoidance response more rapidly than the rats. The Bovet-Gatti d-amphetamine profiles were similar in both species in that there was a significant increase in responding before the stimulus light and click were presented and the inter-response times of efficient responses were shorter. The data indicated that guinea-pigs may be better subjects for psychopharmacological work involving discriminated bar-press avoidance behavior.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00421533
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of modification of brain serotonin (5-HT), norepinephrine (NE) and dopamine (DA) on ethanol tolerance (1981)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 75 (1981), S. 231-235 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Ethanol tolerance ; Serotonin ; Norepinephrine ; Dopamine ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Rats were permanently depleted of brain dopamine (DA), serotonin (5-HT), 5-HT+norepinephrine (NE), or NE +DA by intraventricular injection of either 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine (5,7-DHT) or 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) with or without pretreatment with desmethylimipramine (DMI). Following 1 week of recovery from surgery, daily treatment with ethanol (5 g/kg, PO) or isocaloric sucrose was carried out for a period of 20–25 days. Testing at 5-day intervals showed that chronic ethanol treatment produced tolerance to the hypothermic and motor impairing effects of ethanol. Depletion of 5-HT alone retarded tolerance, while depletion of NE or DA alone produced no effect. Combined depletion of both NE and 5-HT, however, completely inhibited tolerance development. The inhibition of tolerance development by combined depletion of both NE and 5-HT is dicussed in terms of a reciprocal relationship between these two systems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00432429
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Initial sensitivity versus acquired tolerance to ethanol in rats selectively bred for ethanol sensitivity (1985)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 86 (1985), S. 302-306 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Initial sensitivity ; Acquired tolerance ; Ethanol ; Genetically selected rat strains
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Chronic tolerance to ethanol-induced sleep, motor impairment (moving belt test), and hypothermia were examined in two lines of rats that had been selectively bred for their different initial sensitivities to ethanol. In agreement with previous work (Mayer et al. 1982, 1983), the least-affected (LA) rats were found to be less sensitive than their most-affected (MA) counterparts in all three tests. Chronic treatment with ethanol resulted in a more rapid and more marked tolerance development in MA animals than in LA ones. The two lines did not differ in final level of tolerance achieved for either sleep time or hypothermia. However, significant differences were observed with respect to the moving belt test, in that at the end of chronic ethanol treatment the MA animals were more resistant to ethanol than the LA ones. These studies support the existence of a relationship, but not necessarily a direct genetic linkage, between initial sensitivity and acquired tolerance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00432218
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Generalization of behaviorally augmented tolerance to ethanol, and its relation to physical dependence (1975)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 44 (1975), S. 241-246 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Behavior ; Ethanol ; Tolerance ; Generalization ; Dependence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Adult rats, required to perform a motor coordination task while under the influence of ethanol (2.2 g/kg) daily for 12 days, developed significant tolerance to the effects of ethanol, not only on this test but also on a food-motivated maze task. At the same time, they showed reduced shock threshold for production of a startle response, and reduced open field test scores 23 hrs after the last dose of ethanol. Other animals receiving the same dose of ethanol immediately after each training session on the coordination task, and others performing the task and receiving no ethanol, showed no tolerance on either test and no change in shock threshold or open field behavior. The results suggest that behaviorally augmented tolerance depends on basic neuronal adaptive changes indistinguishable from those accompanying physiological tolerance and dependence.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00428900
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